A World History of Government Spying

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安东尼·卓撤尔, 从罗马帝国到国家安全局：政府监视的历史. BBC Chinese, June 27, 2015
http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp ... look_spying_history

, which is translated from

Anthony Zurcher, Roman Empire to the NSA: A World History of Government Spying. BBC, Nov 1, 2013 (yes, TWO years ago).
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24749166

Note:
(a) “ ‘I cannot find a faithful message-bearer,’ he [Cicero]  wrote to his friend, the scholar Atticus. ‘How few are they who are able to carry a rather weighty letter without lightening it by reading.’ "
(i)
(A) Cicero
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero
(106 BC – 43 BC)
(B) Cicero: (proper noun; Latin Cicero, a cognomen in reference to warts ([noun neuter] cicer = chickpea))
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cicero
(C) chickpea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea
(section 1 Etymology)
(ii) Atticus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus
(Atticus, a Latin name meaning "Man of Attica [qv]," may refer to: "Titus Pomponius Atticus (112/109–35/32 BC), ancient Roman littérateur, philosopher, and correspondent with Cicero")

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(b) "French Bishop Bernard Gui * * * For 15 years, he served as head inquisitor of Toulouse, where he convicted more than 900 individuals of heresy. A noted author and historian, Gui was best known for the Conduct of the Inquisition into Heretical Depravity, written in 1323-24, in which he outlined the means for identifying, interrogating and punishing heretics."
(i) Bernard Gui
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Gui
(1261-1331; known for his tenure as Inquisitor of Toulouse against the Albigenses at the behest of Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII between 1307 and 1323)
(A) Toulouse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse
(centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, the Galileo positioning system [etc]; The historical name of the city, Tolosa, it [sic; superfluous] is of unknown meaning or origin)
(B) Albigenses (n; [this word is] Medieval Latin, plural of Albigensis, literally, inhabitant of Albi, from [Medieval Latin] Albiga Albi, France)
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/albigenses
* Albi is 42-mile air distance northeast of Toulouse.
* Abigail King, Astonishing Albi. France Today (journal since 1985), Feb 7, 2012
http://www.francetoday.com/artic ... tonishing-albi.html
(“There are various theories about the origin of the city’s name—perhaps from the Celtic alb or alp, meaning a high place, or maybe from the Latin albus, white, referring to the surrounding limestone cliffs”)
(C) Albigenses. Encyclopaedia Britannica, undated
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Albigenses
(“The name, apparently given to them at the end of the 12th century, is hardly exact, for the movement centred at Toulouse and in nearby districts rather than at Albi (ancient Albiga). The heresy, which had penetrated into these regions probably by trade routes, came originally from eastern Europe”)

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(c) "The court of Elizabeth I * * * In May 1582, [Francis] Walsingham intercepted letters written by Spanish ambassador to England, Bernardino de Mendoza, regarding a conspiracy to invade England and install Mary, Queen of Scots to the throne.  While Mary was confined to Chartley Manor, Walsingham came up with a way to prove she was a threat to the queen. He had most of her mail opened, but led her to believe that she had a secret means of correspondence through letters hidden in a beer keg."
(i) Francis Walsingham
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Walsingham(c 1532 – 1590; is popularly remembered as her "spymaster")
(ii) Bernardino de Mendoza was Spanish ambassador to England (1582-1584, when England expelled him for involvement in Francis Throckmorton's plot. Francis Throckmorton (an Englishman), Henry I, Duke of Guise and King Henry III of France were all Catholics.
(iii)
(A) For Throckmorton Plot, see Sir Francis Walsingham
https://www.britannica.com/biogr ... etary-and-spymaster
(”A spy in the French embassy in London—who has plausibly been identified as Giordano Bruno (writing under the pseudonym Henry Fagot), a lapsed Dominican friar [thus a Catholic] who would later achieve renown as a freethinking philosopher of the Italian Renaissance—alerted Walsingham to clandestine correspondence with Mary that was being routed through the embassy. The plot was broken with the arrest of the chief go-between, Francis Throckmorton, in November 1583. In his possession were incriminating documents, including a map of invasion ports and a list of Catholic supporters in England. Under torture, Throckmorton revealed a plan for the invasion of England by Spanish and French troops in concert with a rising by Mary’s followers. The Spanish ambassador was expelled and diplomatic contacts with Spain severed”)
(B) Throckmorton Plot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot
(C) King Henry III of France (1551-1589; King of France 1574-1589) dispatched Giordano Bruno as a guest of French ambassador to London.
(D) Spanish invasion of course would be under King Philip II of Spain. French invasion would be led by Henry I, Duke of Guise (an aristocrat of France) -- not by then French king Henry III.
(E) Henry III of France
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France
(read introduction: War of Three Henrys; section 1.2 Youth: nominally Roman Catholic)

* Henry I, Duke of Guise "was assassinated by the bodyguards of * * * King Henry III."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise
(iv) For Babington Plot, see To Catch a Queen: Cryptology's Role in the Execution of Mary,Queen of Scot's. National Security Agency (NSA), released on Dec 1, 2011 (Transparency Case #6385)
https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/crypto_almanac_50th/To Catch a Queen.pdf
(A) For the last paragraph ("three blows") in the NSA letter, see Mary, Queen of Scots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
(section 6.2 Execution)
(B) Chartley Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartley_Castle

* Lady Chatterley's Lover
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Chatterley's_Lover

Chartley and Chatterley are not the same.

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(d) “In the 18th and 19th Centuries, governments undertook surveillance with bureaucratic gusto. Across Europe, they established departments called ‘black chambers’ (from the French, cabinet noir) to read the letters of targeted individuals.  The bureaux, usually located in post office buildings”
(A) cabinet noir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_noir
(French for "black room")
(b) The English noun bureau was borrowed from French noun (masculine) of the same spelling. In France, the plural form is bureaux--in English, bureaus or bureaux.

(e) "Negotiating with espionage [section heading]  In 1922, the United States hosted a naval disarmament conference in Washington, where it oversaw talks among nine nations, including United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan."

Washington Naval Conference led to Washington Naval Treaty.