Manzhouli 满洲里

choi

Keith Bradsher, 从边境小城满洲里看中国如何支撑俄罗斯经济. July 24, 2025
https://cn.nytimes.com/business/ ... ussia-economy/dual/


, which was translated from

Keith Bradsher, Where China and Russia Shake Hands. At the border town of Manzhouli, China takes in raw materials like lumber and sends out manufactured goods like cars. The trade helps Russia's economy withstand Western restrictions. New York Times, July 25, 2025, at page B1 (section B is Business).

Excerpts in the window of print:
6%   Proportion of the Russian economy that consists of exports to China
71%   Rise in China's exports to Russia since the start of the Ukraine war in 2022.


Quote:

(a) "The flow [via Manzhouli] underscores Russia's diminished economic position. It is now functionally an economic satellite of China, dependent on Beijing for manufactured goods while selling raw materials that China could, if it wanted to, buy elsewhere."

(b) "The new embrace [between China and Russia] signals a turnaround in the two countries' relationship. During the 1950s, Soviet advisers helped a mostly rural, underdeveloped China build many of its early steel mills, railroads and weapons factories. But now, China produces 32 percent of the world's manufactured goods — more than the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea and Britain combined.

"Russia's share of global manufacturing? It's just 1.33 percent, even including Russia's weapons production, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

Note:
(a) "Russia built a rail line through the city into northeastern China in 1900."
(i)
(A) Chinese Eastern Railway  中国东省铁路
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway
(CER; "Russian Empire constructed the line from 1897 to 1902"/ Chita 赤塔)
was built (by Russians) during their construction (1891-1904) of Trans-Siberian Railway.
(B) CER is known in Taiwan as 中國東方鐵路 (not 東省); shortened to 中東路. See, eg, 雷殷, 中東路問題. 台北縣: 文海出版社 Wen Hai Press Co, 1989, at page 1 starting from page 1 of text, pages before text not shown)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ... 4/40/SSID-11380215_中東路問題.pdf
("一,當一八九六年李鸿章使俄。與俄人商榷建築中東路時。俄人原定名為「滿洲鐵路」。李鸿章期期以爲不可。 堅持必須取名曰「中國東方鐵路」否則根本取消原議。俄人不得已而從之。")
• 雷殷 (1886-1972; born in 廣西 and died in Taiwan)
(ii) Mandarin: 满洲/ English: Manchuria/ Russian (romanization): Manchuriya
(A) "中文 '满洲'一词原为清朝对满族的官方称呼，而这个汉字词作为地名使用，最早出现在日本学者高桥景保的著作《日本边海略图》一书中[参1]。"  zh.wikipedia.org for 满洲.
(B) Manchuria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria
(section 2 Names: "According to the American researcher Mark C Elliott, the term Manshū [Japanese pronunciation for kanji 満州, whose first character is written slightly differently from simplified Chinese] first appeared as a placename in Katsuragawa Hoshū's 1794 work Hokusa Bunryaku in two maps, 'Ashia zenzu' and 'Chikyū hankyū sōzu,' which were also created by Katsuragawa.[11] According to Junko Miyawaki-Okada, Japanese geographer Takahashi Kageyasu was the first to use the term Manshū as a toponym in 1809 in the Nippon Henkai Ryakuzu, and it was from that work that Westerners adopted the name[12][13]")
• KATSURAGAWA Hoshū 桂川 甫周
Hokusa Bunryaku  北槎 聞略
https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/北槎聞略
(伊勢國 神昌丸 大黒屋光太夫)

Kanji 槎 has Chinese pronunciation sa -- the same Chinese character has pinyin chá -- means raft in both languages.
Ashia zenzu  亜細亜全図. In 北槎聞略. National Archives of Japan, Digital Archive  (独立行政法人) 国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ, undated
https://www.digital.archives.go. ... 00000/0404000000/01
did have 満州.

Chikyū hankyū sōzu  地球半球総図 (which I fail to find)
However, another map in 地球半球総図 also displayed 満州. See the [receding URL.

• Junko MIYAWAKI-OKADA  宮脇 淳子 (脇 or 側 -- both having Japanese pronunciation of waki -- in this context means side. 宮 miya is a 神社 (Shintō) shrine. She is from Tokyo University of Foreign Languages Studies 東京外国語大学 (1857- ; national) )
TAKAHASHI Kageyasu  高橋 景保

高橋景保編 亜欧堂田善鐫, 新鐫総界全図・日本辺界略図. 1809. In the collection of 神戸市立博物館 (亜欧堂 田善 was the name of a man; the verb 彫る or its variant 鐫る means to sculpt, to engrave; kanji 略 has Chinese pronunciation ryaku)
https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/592963

(C) Kapitolina Fedorova, Chapter ? Manzhouli or Manchzhuriya? Linguistic and Cultural Hybridization in the Border City. In Dervin F and Machart R (eds), Encounters between East and West; Intercultural perspectives. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd and Higher Education Press, at page 93. (2017; Print ISSN 2364-6721)
https://www.researchgate.net/pub ... _in_the_Border_City
("The name Manzhouli is related to the historical name of Northeast China, 'Manzhou,' known as Manchuria in English and as Manchzhuriya in Russian")
• Federova was from Tallinn University. Tallinn is the capital and most populous city of Estonia.
• In Singapore, Pte Ltd stands for Private Company Limited by Shares 有限责任私人股份公司, a company structure. See Types of Companies in Singapore: A Comprehensive Overview 新加坡公司类型. 新加坡: Think Corp 思企, May 15, 2023
https://thinkorporation.sg/learn ... rehensive-overview-新加坡公司类型
("有限责任私人股份公司: * * * 最多可以有50名股东，包括法人 ['including corporations' in English counterpart; namely sharesolders 股东 are not necessarily natural persons and can be legal persons]。在私人有限公司中，股东对债权人的责任仅限于最初投资的资本金额，个人资产不能用于偿还债务")
Although this Web page does not say so explicitly, a stock company -- which is called public company in United States -- in Singapore is Public Companies Limited by Shares 有限责任公共股份公司 (this page says of this type of company: "are required to include the suffix 'Ltd' in their name * * * are permitted to raise capital by offering shares and debentures to the public").

There is a page in en.wikipedia.org for "private company limited by shares."
(iii) 内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市 满洲里市 City of Manzhouli, City of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

满洲里市
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/满洲里市
("地名由来[:] 20世纪以前满洲里辖境是游牧民理想的游牧之地，当时在现今的市北区四道街西部有一个四季喷涌不止的泉眼，此泉眼位于霍勒津山北部，牧民们称此泉为'霍勒津布拉格'（蒙古語：Хөгжүүн булаг），'霍勒津'意为'旺盛的、' '布拉格'为'泉，' 合称为旺泉。而'满洲里'地名出现于20世纪初。清光绪二十七年（1901年）至二十八年（1902年），东清铁路在霍勒津布拉格建成车站后，因其為進入東三省的首站而得名'满洲站'（滿洲在這裡被用作地名）。俄语发音为'满洲里亚'（Маньчжурия），音译回汉语时去掉了发音很轻的尾音'亚，' 而成为了'满洲里'[2]")

Reference 2 is "吴铁英. 满洲里名称之由来. 《地名知识》[双月刊]. 1989年, (第2期)."
(iv) I have always been confused about Manchuriya and origin/ meaning of 满洲里, since my school dats in Taiwan. Therefore I take advantage of this opportunity to explore.


(b) "now, China produces 32 percent of the world's manufactured goods * * * Russia's share of global manufacturing? It's just 1.33 percent, even including Russia's weapons production, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization."
(i) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO; 1966- ; based in Vienna)
(ii) UNIDO does not have a table anywhere in its database that displays or displayed such country with such number. Instead, this NYT reporter crunches numbers from this Web page of UNIDO whose latest available data are in 2022 (in 2015 US dollars):

UNIDO's Country Profile (UNIDO's Country Analytics leads to thesame Country Profile):

Russian Federation GDP 1459.62B        MVA   197.01B        MVA per capita 1361.40        Population 144.71M
China                          16274.22B               4603.14B                              3228.26                    1.43B
China, Taiwan Province    674.33B                 239.54B                        10025.57                        23.89M
France                            2643.70B                 257.62B                              3986.27                          64.63M
Germany                            3616.42B                 722.74B                              8669.10                          83.37M
Japan                            4483.11B                 902.78B                              7283.30                         123.95M
Republic of Korea             1737.02B                 469.16B                              9054.29                           51.82M
Singapore                              374.05B                   84.33B                            14112.09                             5.98M
United Kingdom                   3159.36B                 328.13B                              4860.47                           67.51M

Page 13 starts chapter "2 Global industrial statistics."
page 26: "Figure 2.14 [at page 27; spanning 2010 through 2021] presents the ranking of the top ten economies based on the SDG 9 Industry Index. * * * Since the launch of the SDGs in 2015, the top four economies have maintained their positions, with Taiwan Province of China, Ireland, the Republic of Korea, and Germany consistently ranking first, second, third, and fourth, respectively * * * The top ten ranked economies are all high-income industrial economies. In fact, only three out of the top 20 economies in 2021 are not part of this group: China (as a middle-income industrial economy ranked 11th), Denmark (high-income industrializing economy ranked 13th), and Malaysia (middle-income industrial economy ranked 18th). Hence there is a strong correlation between industrialization levels, as classified by UNIDO country groups, and performance in the Index.

• SFG stands for Sustainable Development Goals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals
(section 3 Details of 17 goals and targets, section 3.9 "Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, Technology and Infrastructure" (which is subsectional heading) )
• Chechia is Chech Republic.

page 28: "2.3 Competitive Industrial Performance[:] UNIDO has monitored industrial competitiveness using the CIP Index for more than a decade. This Index evaluates how successful an economy’s manufacturing sector is at producing and selling goods in domestic and foreign markets while moving along the technological ladder. [turn to 'Figure 2.16 | Top ten economies in the CIP Index': In 2022: 1 Germany > 2 China > 3 Ireland > 4 Republic of Korea > 5 Taiwan > 6 US > 7 Switzerland > 8 Japan > 9 Singapore > 10 Netherlands]

page 39 starts chapter "3 Spotlight on manufacturing." Page 64 has "Figure 3.23 | Top ten economies in terms of manufacturing exports." And page 65 has "Figure 3.24 | Top ten economies in terms of manufacturing imports."

Annex "A   Key industrial indicators" (page 114) has "Table A.1 | Industrial indicators by country/area, latest available year" which at page 116 has China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in a cluster (of four): the first column is "MVA per capita 2023 (2015 US$)": 3,459; 453; 319; 9,610 (in thta order). YOu can see that neither Hong Kong nor Macao was big in manufacturing.

Annex "B   Explanatory notes": "Unless otherwise stated, data for China do not include data for China Hong Kong SAR, China Macao SAR and China Taiwan Province, which are presented separately.


(c) "At the Manzhouli Xinfeng Grain and Oil Industry Limited Company, bright red forklift trucks move sacks of supplies."

This sentence was translated (by cn.nytimes.com) into: "在满洲里新丰粮油工业有限公司（音），鲜红色的叉车正搬运一袋袋原料。"

It is 满洲里鑫沣粮油工业有限公司. See 程迪 and 赵泽辉, 中蒙俄边境行：中俄贸易动脉的活力密码. 新华社 海外网, May 16, 2025
https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw ... ewwatx7461558.shtml
("新华社呼和浩特5月16日电: 一大早，满洲里鑫沣粮油工业有限公司的生产线上，从俄罗斯进口的油菜籽正通过智能化设备完成脱皮、压榨等工序，金黄的菜籽油缓缓流入储油罐。   作为中俄最大陆路口岸，内蒙古满洲里凭借地缘优势与政策创新，正以粮油落地加工、二手车出口等多元业态探路中俄经贸合作新模式")

• Annexes have no number in their pages. Though page number appears at the top of those pages, that number does not correspond the page of text (because the number a the top starts from the cover and counts table of contents, the latter counts from page 1 of the text only).   
• To reach Table A1, you may go to table of contents, and click Annex A or its page number 114, both itogether form ONE hyperlink. Or you can search Hong Kong starting from the bottom.
• • •