Tudor Architecture + Tudor Revival

choi

Alyssa Abkowitz, The Global House of Tudor; The style that originated in 16th-century England and Wales can now be found all over the world, serving as a status symbol in China while evoking nostalgia in Australia; Driving through the English countryside in Singapore. Wall Street Journal, Oct 4, 2013
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB ... 97312641733016.html

Note:
(a) Please View the side bar ("What Makes a Tudor a Tudor") first, which gives a bird's-eye view. Then read the introduction and the section headlined "Thames Town, Shanghai." It is all right if you do not understand the artechitectural terms; just keep those in mind, which will be explained in the notes below. After reading the notes, return to the WSJ report and read it again.

(b) Tudor dynasty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty
(or House of Tudor; 1485-1603; descended from Prince Rhys ap Tewdwr [?– 1093; Welsh; The English variant of Tewdwr is Tudor])
(i) Welsh surnames
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_surnames

Quote:

"Fixed family names were adopted in Wales from the 15th century onwards. Hitherto, the Welsh had a patronymic naming system.

"Patronymic names changed from generation to generation, with a person's baptismal name being linked by ap, ab (son of) or ferch (daughter of) to the father's baptismal name to perhaps the seventh generation. For example, Evan son of Thomas would be known as Evan (ap) Thomas; Evan's son, John would be John (ab) Evan
(ii) Tewdwr/Tudor is "of ancient Celtic origin and unexplained etymology."
(iii) The Welsh surname Reese is "from one of the most common Welsh personal names, Rhys, Old Welsh Ris ‘ardor.' This was the name of the last ruler of an independent kingdom of Wales, Rhys ap Tewder, who died in 1093 unsuccessfully opposing the Norman advance."

Both (ii) and (iii) comes from Dictionary of American Family Names.

(c)
(i) Tudor architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture
(section 3 Typical features)

Regarding Tudor arch/four-centered arch. I read the Wiki page for "four-centered arch" and could not understand a thing. Here is a better source of information:
William Todd Murdoch, Circular Based Arches--Part 3: Four-Centered Arches. THISisCARPENTRY.com, Mar 2, 2012 (video).
http://www.thisiscarpentry.com/2 ... ased-arches-part-3/
(ii) Tudor Revival architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture
(Elsewhere in Singapore, then a British colony, architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House; Artificially aged and blackened beams are constructed from light wood, bear no loads, and are attached to ceilings and walls purely for decoration)

(d) For "half-timbering," see timber framing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing
(section 4 Half-timbered)

There is no discussion of full-timbering, which simply means completely made of wood (frame and all).

(e) Cross Gable. RealtorMag (official magazine of National Association of Realtors), undated (under
"Architecture Guide")
http://realtormag.realtor.org/ho ... s/roofs/cross-gable

(f) Kevin Meaney, Siginificant Events in the History of Glass. Architectural Glass Concepts, 1: 6-11 (2007).
http://www.agcmagazine.com/Volum ... nificantevents.html

, which appears in  
Corning Museum of Glass, undated
http://www.cmog.org/library/significant-events-history-glass
or
http://www.westernstatesglass.com/index.php/glass-history-menu

(g)
(i) chimney
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney
(section 1 History; section 2 Construction: "As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a 'stack,' with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house")
(A) "The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD."
(B) keep (n):
"2: one that keeps or protects: as
a :  FORTRESS, CASTLE; specifically :  the strongest and securest part of a medieval castle"
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/keep
(C) For "transverse loading," see strength of materials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials
(mechanics of materials, also called strength of materials; In materials science, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied stress without failure; section 2.1 Types of loading)

In plain English, a force (called "stress" in material mechanics) can be axial (stretching or shortening) or transverse (bending or shearing (two horizontal forces in opposite directions applied to different points of a member, as in second diagram)). The "member" may be a bolt, a pipe etc.
(ii) Quick History: The Evolution of the Chmney. Apartment Therapy, undated.
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/quick-history-chimneys-162580
(A) A fire pit on the floor in this "Quick History" is similar to 火塘 (a term not found in Taiwan). China did not have chimneys or fireplaces. Taiwan's winter can be in the teens centigrade, so it is enough to keep the windows closed for months.
* Some parts of China have used kang bed-stove 炕.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_bed-stove
* Irene Eng The Kibbitzer, Celestial Empire, View From Bottom. Aug 10, 2010 (blog)
http://www.ireneeng.com/?p=23048
* www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/ne ... 091003130651294.jpg
* Ancient China did have multi-story buildings (pagodas, watch towers, Yueyang Tower (rebuilt in Song dynasty) etc), which did not house inhabitants, it appears. So there was no issue of heating, with the resulting smoke.

Chinese pagoda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pagoda
(B) I can  not verify the following: "With the Norman Invasion (in 1066) came a new concept: two-story houses. An upstairs meant that you couldn't have a fire in the middle of the floor anymore, and you needed to draw the smoke outside instead of straight up, so the fire was moved to a niche in the wall."
(iii)
(A) A sketch of chimney:

Job PRICES; Cost to point/repoint a chimney stack. The Building Sheriff, undated
http://www.buildingsheriff.com/chimney-pointing-costs.html
(B) Another sketch displays a "metal flue" inside "masonry chimney"
http://jamescolincampbell.com/wp ... Modern-CHimney1.jpg

in
James Colin Cambell, Chimney Inspection. Blog, October 2011.

* flue (n; origin unknown)
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flue
(iv) What Is a Chimney Pot?  Chimneypot.com, undated
http://www.chimneypot.com/whatIs.cfm
(v)
(A) Cowl (chimney)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowl_(chimney)(
The cowl, usually made of galvanized iron, is fitted to the chimney pot to prevent wind blowing the smoke back down into the room below)

three consecutive paragraphs:

"In strong winds the pressure of the wind may overwhelm the updraft and push the airflow in reverse down the flue. Smoke will then fill the room it is intended to heat posing a health and fire risk, causing discomfort and dirtying furnishings in its path.

"When raw coal rather than smokeless fuel is burnt, which was the case for centuries before clean air legislation took effect, then the amount of smoke is considerable and measures to prevent backflow occurring are a necessity.

"Another secondary function is to prevent birds and squirrels from nesting in the chimney. They often also act as a rain [and snow] guard to keep rain from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is sometimes added as a spark arrestor.  

(B) cowl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowl