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基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

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26#
发表于 7-17-2009 19:41:09 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

俺在archive.org读了Hohfeld的原著,不敢自称完全消化了,只是完全不觉得后文的correlation把liberty right的成分排除在财产权之外。Hohfeld论述的correlatives(原文好像没有用correlation这个词)主要指的是权利范畴内的一些基本概念之间的相依性(如甲方claim right和乙方duty)。下面是一些Hohfeld的原话和俺粗浅的理解,涉及契约,liberty right(privilege),和财产权:

引文一(p.31):“Passing to the field of contracts, we soon discover a similar inveterate tendency to confuse and blur legal discussions by failing to discriminate between the mental and physical facts involved in the so-called "agreement" of the parties, and the legal "contractual obligation" to which those facts give rise. Such ambiguity and confusion are peculiarly incident to the use of the term "contract." One moment the word may mean the agreement of the parties; and then, with a rapid and unexpected shift, the writer or speaker may use the term to indicate the contractual obligation created by law as a result of the agreement.”
Hohfeld批评了把“契约”和“责任”混同起来的做法,但隐含的意思是义务来自法律强制的背景下对契约的执行。Hohfeld写书的目的是澄清法学概念,所以这里的概念比较狭窄;如果脱离法律体系考虑最简单的民间个人之间的关系,义务仍然来自某种契约或约定。俺在这里把obligation和duty当作同义词,如果不妥请指正。

引文二(p.32):“in the creation of a contractual obligation between A and B, the affirmative operative facts are, inter alia, that each of the parties is a human being...”
契约责任(和随之产生的权利义务关系)只存在于人与人之间(还有其他一些条件)。人对物的财产权是相对于其他人而言,不是相对于物而言。假如没有契约,那么人对物的占有只是行为,不是权利。这本书的第二部分专门论述了这个议题,就不另外引述了。

引文三(p.38-39):“if X has a right against Y that he shall stay off the former's land, the correlative (and equivalent) is that Y is under a duty toward X to stay off the place...
“whereas X has a right or claim that Y, the other man, should stay off the hind, he himself has the privilege of entering on the land; or, in equivalent words, X does not have a duty to stay off. The privilege of entering is the negation of a duty to stay off. As indicated by this case, some caution is necessary at this point; for, always, when it is said that a given privilege is the mere negation of a duty, what is meant, of course, is a duty having a content or tenor precisely opposite to that of the privilege in question. Thus, if, for some special reason, X has contracted with Y to go on the former's own land, it is obvious that X has, as regards Y, both the privilege of entering and the duty of entering. The privilege is perfectly consistent with this sort of duty, — for the latter is of the same content or tenor as the privilege; — but it still holds good that, as regards Y. X's privilege of entering is the precise negation of a duty to stay off.
“Passing now to the question of "correlatives." it will be remembered, of course, that a duty is the invariable correlative of that legal relation which is most properly called a right or claim. That being so, if further evidence be needed as to the fundamental and important difference between a right (or claim) and a privilege, surely it is found in the fact that the correlative of the latter relation is a "no-right," there being no single term available to express the latter conception. Thus, the correlative of X's right that Y shall not enter on the land is Y's duty not to enter; but the correlative of X's privilege of entering himself is manifestly Y's "no-right" that X shall not
enter.”
上面这些引文非常重要,因为涉及了财产权(土地使用权),也涉及了相依性(correlative):一,X对土地的占有权是claim right(Hohfeld称之为right),相依/等同于Y不得进入的义务;二,X进入自家土地这一使用权是liberty right(Hohfeld称之为privilege)但进不进去随他自己、他只是没有不进去的义务;三,如果X和Y之间有一个专门的契约要求X进入自家土地,X就有了进入的义务,但这是相对于Y依据后一个契约(和财产权无关)要求X进入自家土地的claim right而言的;四,X进入自家土地的liberty right(privilege)相依/等同于Y无权禁止X这样做,这是Y的“无要求”(no-right),针对X对土地的财产权而言。

引文四(p.41-42)“"The eating of shrimp salad is an interest of mine, and. if I can pay for it, the law will protect that interest, and it is therefore a right of mine to eat shrimp salad which I have paid for..."
“This passage seems to suggest primarily two classes of relations: first, the party's respective privileges, as against A, B, C, D and others in relation to eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective "no-rights" of A, B, C, D and others that the party should not eat the salad; second, the party's respective rights (or claims) as against A, B, C, D and others that they should not interfere with the physical act of eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective duties of A. B, C, D and others that they should not interfere.
...
“Perhaps the essential character and importance of the distinction can be shown by a slight variation of the facts. Suppose that X, being already the legal owner of the salad, contracts with Y that he (X) will never eat this particular food. With A, B, C, D and others no such contract has been made. One of the relations now existing between X and Y is, as a consequence, fundamentally different from
the relation between X and A. As regards Y, X has no privilege of eating the salad ; but as regards either A or any of the others, X has such a privilege. It is to be observed incidentally that X's right that Y should not eat the food persists even though X's own privilege of doing so has been extinguished.”
花钱买的沙拉是购买者的财产,所伴随的财产权包含两个成分:吃沙拉,作为使用权是liberty right(privilege);不让别人干涉自己吃沙拉,作为占有权是claim right(Hohfeld总算在这里用了claim这个词)。购买者(X)可以和Y达成契约保证自己不吃这盘沙拉,也就是放弃了自己这份财产的使用权,但相对于Y以外的别人,X仍然有使用权,而且对于包括Y在内的所有的外人,X即使不使用财产也仍然有占有权。

引文五(p.60):“X, the owner of a watch, has the power to abandon his property — that is, to extinguish his existing rights, powers, and immunities relating thereto (not, however, his privileges, for until someone else has acquired title to the abandoned watch, X would have the same privileges as before) ; and correlatively to X's power of abandonment there is a liability in every other person. But such a liability instead of being onerous or unwelcome, is quite the opposite. As regards another person, M, for example, it is a liability to have created in his favor (though against his will) a privilege and a power relating to the watch, — that is, the privilege of taking possession and the power, by doing so, to vest a title in himself.”
Hohfeld花费了极长的篇幅详细论述了和财产权有关的二级权利,但咱们在这个问题上没有分歧,所以就不多说了;上面这段引文有意思的地方就是在二级权利的上下文之内涉及了财产权的liberty right成分(X使用手表的privilege)。还谈到M获得手表的privilege,但这是获得财产的权利,不属于通常意义上的财产权,而属于经济自由,或者“追求幸福”的自由。M获得这块手表的liberty right(privilege)原本不存在,被X的power修订之后才产生。从权利之起源的角度来考虑,假如没有社会契约,M原本有更大的liberty right——抢夺或偷窃原属于X的手表——但社会契约之下这些伦理上的“假自由”(逻辑上仍然是真自由)必须被让渡,所以正常情况下M对这块手表没有liberty right,除非依赖X的power。

引文六(p.76-77)“Suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre and X is the Owner of Whiteacre... as regards Blackacre, A has besides his rights, or claims, against B. C. D. E, and others, various legal privileges of controlling and using the land, and that these exist "to, over, or against" the land.”
Hohfeld著作的第二部分论述了相对于少数个体的权利(right in personam,或paucital right,比如两个人之间的契约所决定的权利)和相对于庞大群体的权利(right in rem,或multital right,比如财产占有权,任何他人不得侵犯),在这个上下文中仍然涉及物主控制和使用财产的liberty right(privilege)。

引文七(p.92-94):“"Though legal ownership is conceived fundamentally as a right good against all the world, actual instances of such ownership are often much more narrowly limited..." instead of there being a single right with a single correlative duty resting on all the persons against whom the right avails, there are many separate and distinct rights, actual and potential, each one of which has a correlative duty resting upon some one person. Repeating a hypothetical case put above, let us suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre... B, C, D, and others indefinitely... respectively considered, shall not enter on Blackacre. It is not a case of one joint duty of the same content resting on all... Consistently with this view, A might, e.g., extinguish B's duty or, in other words, grant B the privilege of entering by giving "leave and license" to do so. In such event, of course, the respective duties of C, D, E, and all others would continue to exist, precisely as before.”
上面这段话的目的是进一步解析“相对于庞大群体的权利”(right in rem,或multital right)的精微含义,但也涉及财产权的例子:A给予B进入A的土地的liberty right(privilege)。这里的“grant”就是二级权利power,修改了原先的一级权利(假如没有任何契约也就没有财产占有权,B随便去哪里都可以,包括Blackacre;在社会契约和产权契约之下B失去了进入A的土地Blackacre的自由;现在A又运用自己作为物主的power把这个自由重新赋予B)。

引文八(p.96-97)“A multital right, or claim (right in rem), should not be confused with any co-existing privileges or other jural relations that the holder of the multital right or rights may have in respect to the same subject-matter... A has an indefinite number of legal privileges of entering on the land, using
the land, harming the land, etc., that is, within limits fixed by law on grounds of social and economic policy, he has privileges of doing on or to the land what he pleases ; and correlative to all such legal privileges are the respective legal no-rights of other persons... In short, A has vested in himself, as regards Blackacre, multital, or in rem, "right — duty" relations, multital, or in rem, "privilege — no-right" relations, multital, or in rem, "power — liability" relations, and multital, or in rem, "immunity — disability" relations... A's privileges, e.g., are strikingly independent of his rights or claims against any given person, and either might exist without the other.”
基本上是在重复早先的东西,但明确列出了财产权的两个一级权利(包括privilege)和两个二级权利。全书总共114页,俺看到最后也没有找出哪一处否定了财产权具有liberty right成分;相反,Hohfeld逻辑性极强,全书前后自洽。

关于当代学者的论点,俺是业余票友,难以查阅社科文献,所以只好借助网络和图书馆。Peter Jones能否算作有影响力的学者?他1994年出版的Rights一书详细讨论了Hohfeld体系(开篇第一章就是这个话题,俺只看了这一章),俺在网上读过的一些资料也引用或转述了Jones的观点。下面是Jones在Rights书中的原话,和Hohfeld原著以及俺昨天提供的斯坦佛大学网站上的说法是完全一致的:“if I have a property right in a car, that right is likely to consist of a complicated cluster of Hohfeldian rights. Typically these would include the claim-right that others should refrain from damaging my car or using it without my permission, my liberty-right as owner of the car to use the car, the power to sell the car or to permit others to use it, and my immunity from any power of others to dispose of the car without my consent. In other words, a single assertion of right might, on inspection, turn out to be a cluster of different types of right.” 当然,您可以说Jones没有真正理解Hohfeld。俺没有找到专门论证财产权不具有liberty right成分的文章,可以说俺在网上看过的所有的涉及财产权的资料都或者像Jones一样明确说明财物使用权是liberty right,或者没有涉及这个细节。

总而言之,财产权作为复合权利具有liberty right的成分,是Hohfeld的原始观点;您说后来有人把财产权的使用权成分也当作claim right,这种新理论推翻了Hohfeld体系的重要论点,而不是顺延发挥、在Hohfeld理论框架内阐述Hohfeld没有涉足的领域。Hohfeld英年早逝,咱们无法猜测他是否会接受这种新理论,但俺认为Hohfeld理论是正确的,那种新理论不是“修正”而是歪曲。谁能提供否定财产权具有liberty right成分的学术论文?俺很想看看这种新理论是怎样推导出来的。


【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 法学界误以为property rights包括liberty rights也不乏其人,这不希奇,因为Hohfeld的原文是先讨论各个概念的opposition(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着我没有不做这件事的duty),过了几节后才讨论各个概念的correlation(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着别人
: 关于property rights在Hohfeld的框架下究竟应当如何理
: (以下引言省略...)

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27#
发表于 7-17-2009 19:41:09 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

俺在archive.org读了Hohfeld的原著,不敢自称完全消化了,只是完全不觉得后文的correlation把liberty right的成分排除在财产权之外。Hohfeld论述的correlatives(原文好像没有用correlation这个词)主要指的是权利范畴内的一些基本概念之间的相依性(如甲方claim right和乙方duty)。下面是一些Hohfeld的原话和俺粗浅的理解,涉及契约,liberty right(privilege),和财产权:

引文一(p.31):“Passing to the field of contracts, we soon discover a similar inveterate tendency to confuse and blur legal discussions by failing to discriminate between the mental and physical facts involved in the so-called "agreement" of the parties, and the legal "contractual obligation" to which those facts give rise. Such ambiguity and confusion are peculiarly incident to the use of the term "contract." One moment the word may mean the agreement of the parties; and then, with a rapid and unexpected shift, the writer or speaker may use the term to indicate the contractual obligation created by law as a result of the agreement.”
Hohfeld批评了把“契约”和“责任”混同起来的做法,但隐含的意思是义务来自法律强制的背景下对契约的执行。Hohfeld写书的目的是澄清法学概念,所以这里的概念比较狭窄;如果脱离法律体系考虑最简单的民间个人之间的关系,义务仍然来自某种契约或约定。俺在这里把obligation和duty当作同义词,如果不妥请指正。

引文二(p.32):“in the creation of a contractual obligation between A and B, the affirmative operative facts are, inter alia, that each of the parties is a human being...”
契约责任(和随之产生的权利义务关系)只存在于人与人之间(还有其他一些条件)。人对物的财产权是相对于其他人而言,不是相对于物而言。假如没有契约,那么人对物的占有只是行为,不是权利。这本书的第二部分专门论述了这个议题,就不另外引述了。

引文三(p.38-39):“if X has a right against Y that he shall stay off the former's land, the correlative (and equivalent) is that Y is under a duty toward X to stay off the place...
“whereas X has a right or claim that Y, the other man, should stay off the hind, he himself has the privilege of entering on the land; or, in equivalent words, X does not have a duty to stay off. The privilege of entering is the negation of a duty to stay off. As indicated by this case, some caution is necessary at this point; for, always, when it is said that a given privilege is the mere negation of a duty, what is meant, of course, is a duty having a content or tenor precisely opposite to that of the privilege in question. Thus, if, for some special reason, X has contracted with Y to go on the former's own land, it is obvious that X has, as regards Y, both the privilege of entering and the duty of entering. The privilege is perfectly consistent with this sort of duty, — for the latter is of the same content or tenor as the privilege; — but it still holds good that, as regards Y. X's privilege of entering is the precise negation of a duty to stay off.
“Passing now to the question of "correlatives." it will be remembered, of course, that a duty is the invariable correlative of that legal relation which is most properly called a right or claim. That being so, if further evidence be needed as to the fundamental and important difference between a right (or claim) and a privilege, surely it is found in the fact that the correlative of the latter relation is a "no-right," there being no single term available to express the latter conception. Thus, the correlative of X's right that Y shall not enter on the land is Y's duty not to enter; but the correlative of X's privilege of entering himself is manifestly Y's "no-right" that X shall not
enter.”
上面这些引文非常重要,因为涉及了财产权(土地使用权),也涉及了相依性(correlative):一,X对土地的占有权是claim right(Hohfeld称之为right),相依/等同于Y不得进入的义务;二,X进入自家土地这一使用权是liberty right(Hohfeld称之为privilege)但进不进去随他自己、他只是没有不进去的义务;三,如果X和Y之间有一个专门的契约要求X进入自家土地,X就有了进入的义务,但这是相对于Y依据后一个契约(和财产权无关)要求X进入自家土地的claim right而言的;四,X进入自家土地的liberty right(privilege)相依/等同于Y无权禁止X这样做,这是Y的“无要求”(no-right),针对X对土地的财产权而言。

引文四(p.41-42)“"The eating of shrimp salad is an interest of mine, and. if I can pay for it, the law will protect that interest, and it is therefore a right of mine to eat shrimp salad which I have paid for..."
“This passage seems to suggest primarily two classes of relations: first, the party's respective privileges, as against A, B, C, D and others in relation to eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective "no-rights" of A, B, C, D and others that the party should not eat the salad; second, the party's respective rights (or claims) as against A, B, C, D and others that they should not interfere with the physical act of eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective duties of A. B, C, D and others that they should not interfere.
...
“Perhaps the essential character and importance of the distinction can be shown by a slight variation of the facts. Suppose that X, being already the legal owner of the salad, contracts with Y that he (X) will never eat this particular food. With A, B, C, D and others no such contract has been made. One of the relations now existing between X and Y is, as a consequence, fundamentally different from
the relation between X and A. As regards Y, X has no privilege of eating the salad ; but as regards either A or any of the others, X has such a privilege. It is to be observed incidentally that X's right that Y should not eat the food persists even though X's own privilege of doing so has been extinguished.”
花钱买的沙拉是购买者的财产,所伴随的财产权包含两个成分:吃沙拉,作为使用权是liberty right(privilege);不让别人干涉自己吃沙拉,作为占有权是claim right(Hohfeld总算在这里用了claim这个词)。购买者(X)可以和Y达成契约保证自己不吃这盘沙拉,也就是放弃了自己这份财产的使用权,但相对于Y以外的别人,X仍然有使用权,而且对于包括Y在内的所有的外人,X即使不使用财产也仍然有占有权。

引文五(p.60):“X, the owner of a watch, has the power to abandon his property — that is, to extinguish his existing rights, powers, and immunities relating thereto (not, however, his privileges, for until someone else has acquired title to the abandoned watch, X would have the same privileges as before) ; and correlatively to X's power of abandonment there is a liability in every other person. But such a liability instead of being onerous or unwelcome, is quite the opposite. As regards another person, M, for example, it is a liability to have created in his favor (though against his will) a privilege and a power relating to the watch, — that is, the privilege of taking possession and the power, by doing so, to vest a title in himself.”
Hohfeld花费了极长的篇幅详细论述了和财产权有关的二级权利,但咱们在这个问题上没有分歧,所以就不多说了;上面这段引文有意思的地方就是在二级权利的上下文之内涉及了财产权的liberty right成分(X使用手表的privilege)。还谈到M获得手表的privilege,但这是获得财产的权利,不属于通常意义上的财产权,而属于经济自由,或者“追求幸福”的自由。M获得这块手表的liberty right(privilege)原本不存在,被X的power修订之后才产生。从权利之起源的角度来考虑,假如没有社会契约,M原本有更大的liberty right——抢夺或偷窃原属于X的手表——但社会契约之下这些伦理上的“假自由”(逻辑上仍然是真自由)必须被让渡,所以正常情况下M对这块手表没有liberty right,除非依赖X的power。

引文六(p.76-77)“Suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre and X is the Owner of Whiteacre... as regards Blackacre, A has besides his rights, or claims, against B. C. D. E, and others, various legal privileges of controlling and using the land, and that these exist "to, over, or against" the land.”
Hohfeld著作的第二部分论述了相对于少数个体的权利(right in personam,或paucital right,比如两个人之间的契约所决定的权利)和相对于庞大群体的权利(right in rem,或multital right,比如财产占有权,任何他人不得侵犯),在这个上下文中仍然涉及物主控制和使用财产的liberty right(privilege)。

引文七(p.92-94):“"Though legal ownership is conceived fundamentally as a right good against all the world, actual instances of such ownership are often much more narrowly limited..." instead of there being a single right with a single correlative duty resting on all the persons against whom the right avails, there are many separate and distinct rights, actual and potential, each one of which has a correlative duty resting upon some one person. Repeating a hypothetical case put above, let us suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre... B, C, D, and others indefinitely... respectively considered, shall not enter on Blackacre. It is not a case of one joint duty of the same content resting on all... Consistently with this view, A might, e.g., extinguish B's duty or, in other words, grant B the privilege of entering by giving "leave and license" to do so. In such event, of course, the respective duties of C, D, E, and all others would continue to exist, precisely as before.”
上面这段话的目的是进一步解析“相对于庞大群体的权利”(right in rem,或multital right)的精微含义,但也涉及财产权的例子:A给予B进入A的土地的liberty right(privilege)。这里的“grant”就是二级权利power,修改了原先的一级权利(假如没有任何契约也就没有财产占有权,B随便去哪里都可以,包括Blackacre;在社会契约和产权契约之下B失去了进入A的土地Blackacre的自由;现在A又运用自己作为物主的power把这个自由重新赋予B)。

引文八(p.96-97)“A multital right, or claim (right in rem), should not be confused with any co-existing privileges or other jural relations that the holder of the multital right or rights may have in respect to the same subject-matter... A has an indefinite number of legal privileges of entering on the land, using
the land, harming the land, etc., that is, within limits fixed by law on grounds of social and economic policy, he has privileges of doing on or to the land what he pleases ; and correlative to all such legal privileges are the respective legal no-rights of other persons... In short, A has vested in himself, as regards Blackacre, multital, or in rem, "right — duty" relations, multital, or in rem, "privilege — no-right" relations, multital, or in rem, "power — liability" relations, and multital, or in rem, "immunity — disability" relations... A's privileges, e.g., are strikingly independent of his rights or claims against any given person, and either might exist without the other.”
基本上是在重复早先的东西,但明确列出了财产权的两个一级权利(包括privilege)和两个二级权利。全书总共114页,俺看到最后也没有找出哪一处否定了财产权具有liberty right成分;相反,Hohfeld逻辑性极强,全书前后自洽。

关于当代学者的论点,俺是业余票友,难以查阅社科文献,所以只好借助网络和图书馆。Peter Jones能否算作有影响力的学者?他1994年出版的Rights一书详细讨论了Hohfeld体系(开篇第一章就是这个话题,俺只看了这一章),俺在网上读过的一些资料也引用或转述了Jones的观点。下面是Jones在Rights书中的原话,和Hohfeld原著以及俺昨天提供的斯坦佛大学网站上的说法是完全一致的:“if I have a property right in a car, that right is likely to consist of a complicated cluster of Hohfeldian rights. Typically these would include the claim-right that others should refrain from damaging my car or using it without my permission, my liberty-right as owner of the car to use the car, the power to sell the car or to permit others to use it, and my immunity from any power of others to dispose of the car without my consent. In other words, a single assertion of right might, on inspection, turn out to be a cluster of different types of right.” 当然,您可以说Jones没有真正理解Hohfeld。俺没有找到专门论证财产权不具有liberty right成分的文章,可以说俺在网上看过的所有的涉及财产权的资料都或者像Jones一样明确说明财物使用权是liberty right,或者没有涉及这个细节。

总而言之,财产权作为复合权利具有liberty right的成分,是Hohfeld的原始观点;您说后来有人把财产权的使用权成分也当作claim right,这种新理论推翻了Hohfeld体系的重要论点,而不是顺延发挥、在Hohfeld理论框架内阐述Hohfeld没有涉足的领域。Hohfeld英年早逝,咱们无法猜测他是否会接受这种新理论,但俺认为Hohfeld理论是正确的,那种新理论不是“修正”而是歪曲。谁能提供否定财产权具有liberty right成分的学术论文?俺很想看看这种新理论是怎样推导出来的。


【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 法学界误以为property rights包括liberty rights也不乏其人,这不希奇,因为Hohfeld的原文是先讨论各个概念的opposition(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着我没有不做这件事的duty),过了几节后才讨论各个概念的correlation(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着别人
: 关于property rights在Hohfeld的框架下究竟应当如何理
: (以下引言省略...)

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28#
发表于 7-18-2009 05:28:49 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。

我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我要用”利权“这个词,请参看[1]。

[1] 任何人都知道权利是什么意思 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/5425c9eccdd5df67


【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 思而不学则殆啊同志。。。
: 【为什么说财产权本来是一种 liberty right 呢?别人没有义务帮助你获得这一财产】。我前面说过了,“获得财产”和“财产权”是两件完全不同的事情。“获得财产”说的是把本来不是你财产的东西变为你的财产,而财产权说的是一个已经是你财产的东西你如何处置。获得财产的过程涉及的当然是liberty right(就像我前面说的捡无
: (以下引言省略...)

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29#
发表于 7-18-2009 06:53:32 | 只看该作者

liberty right 和 claim right

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寄信人: stuartl
发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 00:21:59 2009)

立里兄,您好!俺读了Hohfeld的原著,在坛子里贴了许多引文,可以很肯定的说,财产权的使用权成分就是liberty right。Hohfeld体系内的privilege和power现在一般被归并广义的liberty right,剩下的两项合称广义的claim right。俺还是想把广义的liberty right翻译为自由,因为这是自由一词的最精确的定义;至于广义的claim right,“利权”仍然显得合适。您觉得怎样?谢谢!

立里:

我觉得你的提议,把 liberty right 对应翻译为自由,而 claim right 翻译为利权,是有理由的,但至少和这一理论的原创者不一致,因为在他的表述中,两者都是 "right" 利权。

我认为自由(liberty)是一切利权(right)之母[1],是利权表述和定义中不可避免的基础概念。

自由利权的成立不需要前提,这是基本原则[2]。但是任何利权的界定(大小,边界,具体内容),
则都是基于某种自由契约。自由,这项所有利权之基础,我称之为元利权[1],则是基于自由主义政
治学的公理(假设):人人平等。它和这一公理是相互依存的概念。接受这一公理,根据在这一基础上
推演出来的法学,政治学建立起来的社会,就是自由主义社会。这一公理及其所有推论,就是自由主义
社会的社会契约。这些契约未必是成文的,恰恰相反,最重要的社会契约,往往以不成文的习惯法的
形式存在。

参考:

   1. 自由是绝对的利权 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/c683517ede97261b
   2. 绝对的自由主义 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/333055bab3eb1430
   3. 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/b4a7d225a0671998



【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。
: 我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
: 关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我
: (以下引言省略...)

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30#
发表于 7-18-2009 10:43:00 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)

关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定义。他是法学教授,对于美国司法界滥用right这些基本概念的现象很看不惯,为了澄清概念,创立了一个新的体系,把平时人们说的right解析为四个类别:privilege、right、power、immunity。
一,privilege是最基本的自由,也就是您所说的meta right,但privilege这个用词有些别扭,平时主要用来指特权,所以人们虽然接受Hohfeld的分类标准但基本上没有接受privilege这个用词。
二,right作为四个类别之中的一个,是狭义的概念,指的就是claim。这个狭义的right对应于他人的义务,Hohfeld认为这是right的最精确的定义,但人们同样无法改变语言习惯,现在引述Hohfeld原始理论的时候有时把这个right称作“right proper”以明确表达概念。
三,power的精确概念是修改privilege和right proper的权利,或者大的power修改更小的power和immunity。比如财产权里面物主对财产的转置权,财产的范围是claim right界定的,但财产claim的增减是通过power来做的。在逻辑上,power和privilege很相似,都和他人义务无关,只不过不是最原本的自由而是第二级权利。现在人们通常把privilege和power归并在一起称为liberty right。
四,immunity是避免受制于power的豁免权,是相应于right proper的第二级,现在人们通常把right proper和immunity归并在一起称为claim right。

从上面这些小小的历史回顾可以看出,即使Hohfeld这样的天才人物、提出了如此优秀的理论体系,也无法扭转词汇的用法,不但日常用法照旧,就连美国法学界都没有遵循Hohfeld的提议,而是不得不另造新词(right proper、liberty right、claim right)以精确表达、避免歧义。

借鉴美国的经验,俺觉得中文词汇用法一旦约定俗成就不要强行改变词义了;“权利”有谐音歧义的缺点但在上下文里一般都不会产生误解,否则这个词汇不可能用得这么广。“权力”倒是有一个同义词,“权柄”,可以替代之。

在这样的前提下,保持“权利”作为总称,用“利权”来翻译claim right(包括right proper和immunity)还是比较合适的。至于liberty right,翻译成“自由”的确会导致一些歧义,因为人们平时说自由的时候经常把与之伴随的“他人不得侵犯”这一claim right考虑进“自由”里面去。但在具体的上下文中还是可以用“自由”或“自由权”来表述liberty right的概念。

“利权”作为claim right的中文词汇,还有一个好处就是让拿福利的人一听就明白他们的福利并非最基本的自由而是对立于基本自由的“利权”。

您意下如何?

【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: 寄信人: stuartl
: 发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 00:21:59 2009)
: 立里兄,您好!俺读了Hohfeld的原著,在坛子里贴了许多引文,可以很肯定的说,财产权的使用权成分就是liberty right。Hohfeld体系内的privilege和power现在一般被归并广义的liberty right,剩下的两项合称广义的claim right。俺还是想把广义的liberty right翻译为自由,
: (以下引言省略...)

--
※ 来源:.一路BBS http://yilubbs.com [FROM: 76.102.0.0]

※ 修改:.stuartl 于 Jul 19 00:05:21 修改本文.[FROM: 76.102.0.0]
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31#
发表于 7-18-2009 12:28:34 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

我对 privilege 这个词并无疑惑,因为 liberty 这个概念当初一开始也是 privilege 的意思,并且是君主授予的 franchise。因为在封建制度中,掠夺性占有是常态,君主有能力剥夺任何人的利权,因此,自由成为一种特权被授予,其实就是免于被剥夺的特别许可。这和黑帮强盗放生一些被绑票的人质差不多意思。

但是 power 这个词用于二阶 liberty,这让我无法理解和接受。这个词的含义根本和 liberty, right 无关。比如,黑帮绑架人质,因为有 power,但是他们根本谈不上有什么 liberty, right 这么做。

权利这个词的误解非常普遍,必须改变。权利 (right) 和权力(power)是根本风牛马不相及的概念,因此必须彻底分开。所以我认为用利权,义权,直,更好。

Hohfeld 是修改了一些重要的词义来定义他提出的新概念的,而我用“利权”不是新造概念,也不是新造词,而是澄清长期的奴化教育导致利权概念的混乱。他的分类法,我认为是有道理的,但并不是完全赞同。这对我是很好的启发,我还要多想想。

我认为“他人不得侵犯”不是 claim right,而就是 liberty right 的特征。claim right 的特征是,他人有义务提供这一 right 兑现和履行。


【 在 stuartl 的大作中提到: 】
: 立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)
: 关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定
: (以下引言省略...)

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32#
发表于 7-18-2009 12:35:09 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

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寄信人: stuartl
发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 12:57:01 2009)

立里兄:

我很赞同您对自由的地位等等理论问题的看法,只是对于名词用法还有疑问。您笔下的“利权”是响应了郭罗基老先生的倡议,就是通常所说“权利”的同义词,对吗?这样当然有从读音上区分right和power的好处,但是一方面不符合大部分人的习惯,另一方面几乎是浪费了“利权”这个词汇(本来可以用以表达新的含义)。从字面上讲,说“自由”属于获利之权也未尝不可,但词汇的含义不完全来自字面解读;只要在精确的、逻辑自恰的体系内给出适当的定义,那么“自由”与“利权”作为“权利”之下的互补概念仍然是行得通的。

您关于自由的文章写得相当好,俺过去太孤陋寡闻,多谢赐教!

立里:

我关于自由的论述还是很散乱的。我自己也在不断学习思考。以后要写成容易读的篇章。
我所用的“利权”,是权利(right)的同义语。我是从郭罗基先生那里学来的,但后来发现他不是第一个倡导这个译法的人。

我认为 claim right 可以翻译成“要权”(要求之利权),“得权”(取得之利权)。

【 在 stuartl 的大作中提到: 】
: 立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)
: 关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定
: (以下引言省略...)

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33#
发表于 7-17-2009 19:41:09 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

俺在archive.org读了Hohfeld的原著,不敢自称完全消化了,只是完全不觉得后文的correlation把liberty right的成分排除在财产权之外。Hohfeld论述的correlatives(原文好像没有用correlation这个词)主要指的是权利范畴内的一些基本概念之间的相依性(如甲方claim right和乙方duty)。下面是一些Hohfeld的原话和俺粗浅的理解,涉及契约,liberty right(privilege),和财产权:

引文一(p.31):“Passing to the field of contracts, we soon discover a similar inveterate tendency to confuse and blur legal discussions by failing to discriminate between the mental and physical facts involved in the so-called "agreement" of the parties, and the legal "contractual obligation" to which those facts give rise. Such ambiguity and confusion are peculiarly incident to the use of the term "contract." One moment the word may mean the agreement of the parties; and then, with a rapid and unexpected shift, the writer or speaker may use the term to indicate the contractual obligation created by law as a result of the agreement.”
Hohfeld批评了把“契约”和“责任”混同起来的做法,但隐含的意思是义务来自法律强制的背景下对契约的执行。Hohfeld写书的目的是澄清法学概念,所以这里的概念比较狭窄;如果脱离法律体系考虑最简单的民间个人之间的关系,义务仍然来自某种契约或约定。俺在这里把obligation和duty当作同义词,如果不妥请指正。

引文二(p.32):“in the creation of a contractual obligation between A and B, the affirmative operative facts are, inter alia, that each of the parties is a human being...”
契约责任(和随之产生的权利义务关系)只存在于人与人之间(还有其他一些条件)。人对物的财产权是相对于其他人而言,不是相对于物而言。假如没有契约,那么人对物的占有只是行为,不是权利。这本书的第二部分专门论述了这个议题,就不另外引述了。

引文三(p.38-39):“if X has a right against Y that he shall stay off the former's land, the correlative (and equivalent) is that Y is under a duty toward X to stay off the place...
“whereas X has a right or claim that Y, the other man, should stay off the hind, he himself has the privilege of entering on the land; or, in equivalent words, X does not have a duty to stay off. The privilege of entering is the negation of a duty to stay off. As indicated by this case, some caution is necessary at this point; for, always, when it is said that a given privilege is the mere negation of a duty, what is meant, of course, is a duty having a content or tenor precisely opposite to that of the privilege in question. Thus, if, for some special reason, X has contracted with Y to go on the former's own land, it is obvious that X has, as regards Y, both the privilege of entering and the duty of entering. The privilege is perfectly consistent with this sort of duty, — for the latter is of the same content or tenor as the privilege; — but it still holds good that, as regards Y. X's privilege of entering is the precise negation of a duty to stay off.
“Passing now to the question of "correlatives." it will be remembered, of course, that a duty is the invariable correlative of that legal relation which is most properly called a right or claim. That being so, if further evidence be needed as to the fundamental and important difference between a right (or claim) and a privilege, surely it is found in the fact that the correlative of the latter relation is a "no-right," there being no single term available to express the latter conception. Thus, the correlative of X's right that Y shall not enter on the land is Y's duty not to enter; but the correlative of X's privilege of entering himself is manifestly Y's "no-right" that X shall not
enter.”
上面这些引文非常重要,因为涉及了财产权(土地使用权),也涉及了相依性(correlative):一,X对土地的占有权是claim right(Hohfeld称之为right),相依/等同于Y不得进入的义务;二,X进入自家土地这一使用权是liberty right(Hohfeld称之为privilege)但进不进去随他自己、他只是没有不进去的义务;三,如果X和Y之间有一个专门的契约要求X进入自家土地,X就有了进入的义务,但这是相对于Y依据后一个契约(和财产权无关)要求X进入自家土地的claim right而言的;四,X进入自家土地的liberty right(privilege)相依/等同于Y无权禁止X这样做,这是Y的“无要求”(no-right),针对X对土地的财产权而言。

引文四(p.41-42)“"The eating of shrimp salad is an interest of mine, and. if I can pay for it, the law will protect that interest, and it is therefore a right of mine to eat shrimp salad which I have paid for..."
“This passage seems to suggest primarily two classes of relations: first, the party's respective privileges, as against A, B, C, D and others in relation to eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective "no-rights" of A, B, C, D and others that the party should not eat the salad; second, the party's respective rights (or claims) as against A, B, C, D and others that they should not interfere with the physical act of eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective duties of A. B, C, D and others that they should not interfere.
...
“Perhaps the essential character and importance of the distinction can be shown by a slight variation of the facts. Suppose that X, being already the legal owner of the salad, contracts with Y that he (X) will never eat this particular food. With A, B, C, D and others no such contract has been made. One of the relations now existing between X and Y is, as a consequence, fundamentally different from
the relation between X and A. As regards Y, X has no privilege of eating the salad ; but as regards either A or any of the others, X has such a privilege. It is to be observed incidentally that X's right that Y should not eat the food persists even though X's own privilege of doing so has been extinguished.”
花钱买的沙拉是购买者的财产,所伴随的财产权包含两个成分:吃沙拉,作为使用权是liberty right(privilege);不让别人干涉自己吃沙拉,作为占有权是claim right(Hohfeld总算在这里用了claim这个词)。购买者(X)可以和Y达成契约保证自己不吃这盘沙拉,也就是放弃了自己这份财产的使用权,但相对于Y以外的别人,X仍然有使用权,而且对于包括Y在内的所有的外人,X即使不使用财产也仍然有占有权。

引文五(p.60):“X, the owner of a watch, has the power to abandon his property — that is, to extinguish his existing rights, powers, and immunities relating thereto (not, however, his privileges, for until someone else has acquired title to the abandoned watch, X would have the same privileges as before) ; and correlatively to X's power of abandonment there is a liability in every other person. But such a liability instead of being onerous or unwelcome, is quite the opposite. As regards another person, M, for example, it is a liability to have created in his favor (though against his will) a privilege and a power relating to the watch, — that is, the privilege of taking possession and the power, by doing so, to vest a title in himself.”
Hohfeld花费了极长的篇幅详细论述了和财产权有关的二级权利,但咱们在这个问题上没有分歧,所以就不多说了;上面这段引文有意思的地方就是在二级权利的上下文之内涉及了财产权的liberty right成分(X使用手表的privilege)。还谈到M获得手表的privilege,但这是获得财产的权利,不属于通常意义上的财产权,而属于经济自由,或者“追求幸福”的自由。M获得这块手表的liberty right(privilege)原本不存在,被X的power修订之后才产生。从权利之起源的角度来考虑,假如没有社会契约,M原本有更大的liberty right——抢夺或偷窃原属于X的手表——但社会契约之下这些伦理上的“假自由”(逻辑上仍然是真自由)必须被让渡,所以正常情况下M对这块手表没有liberty right,除非依赖X的power。

引文六(p.76-77)“Suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre and X is the Owner of Whiteacre... as regards Blackacre, A has besides his rights, or claims, against B. C. D. E, and others, various legal privileges of controlling and using the land, and that these exist "to, over, or against" the land.”
Hohfeld著作的第二部分论述了相对于少数个体的权利(right in personam,或paucital right,比如两个人之间的契约所决定的权利)和相对于庞大群体的权利(right in rem,或multital right,比如财产占有权,任何他人不得侵犯),在这个上下文中仍然涉及物主控制和使用财产的liberty right(privilege)。

引文七(p.92-94):“"Though legal ownership is conceived fundamentally as a right good against all the world, actual instances of such ownership are often much more narrowly limited..." instead of there being a single right with a single correlative duty resting on all the persons against whom the right avails, there are many separate and distinct rights, actual and potential, each one of which has a correlative duty resting upon some one person. Repeating a hypothetical case put above, let us suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre... B, C, D, and others indefinitely... respectively considered, shall not enter on Blackacre. It is not a case of one joint duty of the same content resting on all... Consistently with this view, A might, e.g., extinguish B's duty or, in other words, grant B the privilege of entering by giving "leave and license" to do so. In such event, of course, the respective duties of C, D, E, and all others would continue to exist, precisely as before.”
上面这段话的目的是进一步解析“相对于庞大群体的权利”(right in rem,或multital right)的精微含义,但也涉及财产权的例子:A给予B进入A的土地的liberty right(privilege)。这里的“grant”就是二级权利power,修改了原先的一级权利(假如没有任何契约也就没有财产占有权,B随便去哪里都可以,包括Blackacre;在社会契约和产权契约之下B失去了进入A的土地Blackacre的自由;现在A又运用自己作为物主的power把这个自由重新赋予B)。

引文八(p.96-97)“A multital right, or claim (right in rem), should not be confused with any co-existing privileges or other jural relations that the holder of the multital right or rights may have in respect to the same subject-matter... A has an indefinite number of legal privileges of entering on the land, using
the land, harming the land, etc., that is, within limits fixed by law on grounds of social and economic policy, he has privileges of doing on or to the land what he pleases ; and correlative to all such legal privileges are the respective legal no-rights of other persons... In short, A has vested in himself, as regards Blackacre, multital, or in rem, "right — duty" relations, multital, or in rem, "privilege — no-right" relations, multital, or in rem, "power — liability" relations, and multital, or in rem, "immunity — disability" relations... A's privileges, e.g., are strikingly independent of his rights or claims against any given person, and either might exist without the other.”
基本上是在重复早先的东西,但明确列出了财产权的两个一级权利(包括privilege)和两个二级权利。全书总共114页,俺看到最后也没有找出哪一处否定了财产权具有liberty right成分;相反,Hohfeld逻辑性极强,全书前后自洽。

关于当代学者的论点,俺是业余票友,难以查阅社科文献,所以只好借助网络和图书馆。Peter Jones能否算作有影响力的学者?他1994年出版的Rights一书详细讨论了Hohfeld体系(开篇第一章就是这个话题,俺只看了这一章),俺在网上读过的一些资料也引用或转述了Jones的观点。下面是Jones在Rights书中的原话,和Hohfeld原著以及俺昨天提供的斯坦佛大学网站上的说法是完全一致的:“if I have a property right in a car, that right is likely to consist of a complicated cluster of Hohfeldian rights. Typically these would include the claim-right that others should refrain from damaging my car or using it without my permission, my liberty-right as owner of the car to use the car, the power to sell the car or to permit others to use it, and my immunity from any power of others to dispose of the car without my consent. In other words, a single assertion of right might, on inspection, turn out to be a cluster of different types of right.” 当然,您可以说Jones没有真正理解Hohfeld。俺没有找到专门论证财产权不具有liberty right成分的文章,可以说俺在网上看过的所有的涉及财产权的资料都或者像Jones一样明确说明财物使用权是liberty right,或者没有涉及这个细节。

总而言之,财产权作为复合权利具有liberty right的成分,是Hohfeld的原始观点;您说后来有人把财产权的使用权成分也当作claim right,这种新理论推翻了Hohfeld体系的重要论点,而不是顺延发挥、在Hohfeld理论框架内阐述Hohfeld没有涉足的领域。Hohfeld英年早逝,咱们无法猜测他是否会接受这种新理论,但俺认为Hohfeld理论是正确的,那种新理论不是“修正”而是歪曲。谁能提供否定财产权具有liberty right成分的学术论文?俺很想看看这种新理论是怎样推导出来的。


【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 法学界误以为property rights包括liberty rights也不乏其人,这不希奇,因为Hohfeld的原文是先讨论各个概念的opposition(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着我没有不做这件事的duty),过了几节后才讨论各个概念的correlation(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着别人
: 关于property rights在Hohfeld的框架下究竟应当如何理
: (以下引言省略...)

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34#
发表于 7-18-2009 05:28:49 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。

我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我要用”利权“这个词,请参看[1]。

[1] 任何人都知道权利是什么意思 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/5425c9eccdd5df67


【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 思而不学则殆啊同志。。。
: 【为什么说财产权本来是一种 liberty right 呢?别人没有义务帮助你获得这一财产】。我前面说过了,“获得财产”和“财产权”是两件完全不同的事情。“获得财产”说的是把本来不是你财产的东西变为你的财产,而财产权说的是一个已经是你财产的东西你如何处置。获得财产的过程涉及的当然是liberty right(就像我前面说的捡无
: (以下引言省略...)

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35#
发表于 7-18-2009 06:53:32 | 只看该作者

liberty right 和 claim right

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寄信人: stuartl
发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 00:21:59 2009)

立里兄,您好!俺读了Hohfeld的原著,在坛子里贴了许多引文,可以很肯定的说,财产权的使用权成分就是liberty right。Hohfeld体系内的privilege和power现在一般被归并广义的liberty right,剩下的两项合称广义的claim right。俺还是想把广义的liberty right翻译为自由,因为这是自由一词的最精确的定义;至于广义的claim right,“利权”仍然显得合适。您觉得怎样?谢谢!

立里:

我觉得你的提议,把 liberty right 对应翻译为自由,而 claim right 翻译为利权,是有理由的,但至少和这一理论的原创者不一致,因为在他的表述中,两者都是 "right" 利权。

我认为自由(liberty)是一切利权(right)之母[1],是利权表述和定义中不可避免的基础概念。

自由利权的成立不需要前提,这是基本原则[2]。但是任何利权的界定(大小,边界,具体内容),
则都是基于某种自由契约。自由,这项所有利权之基础,我称之为元利权[1],则是基于自由主义政
治学的公理(假设):人人平等。它和这一公理是相互依存的概念。接受这一公理,根据在这一基础上
推演出来的法学,政治学建立起来的社会,就是自由主义社会。这一公理及其所有推论,就是自由主义
社会的社会契约。这些契约未必是成文的,恰恰相反,最重要的社会契约,往往以不成文的习惯法的
形式存在。

参考:

   1. 自由是绝对的利权 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/c683517ede97261b
   2. 绝对的自由主义 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/333055bab3eb1430
   3. 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质 https://groups.google.com/group/lihlii/t/b4a7d225a0671998



【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。
: 我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
: 关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我
: (以下引言省略...)

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36#
发表于 7-18-2009 10:43:00 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)

关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定义。他是法学教授,对于美国司法界滥用right这些基本概念的现象很看不惯,为了澄清概念,创立了一个新的体系,把平时人们说的right解析为四个类别:privilege、right、power、immunity。
一,privilege是最基本的自由,也就是您所说的meta right,但privilege这个用词有些别扭,平时主要用来指特权,所以人们虽然接受Hohfeld的分类标准但基本上没有接受privilege这个用词。
二,right作为四个类别之中的一个,是狭义的概念,指的就是claim。这个狭义的right对应于他人的义务,Hohfeld认为这是right的最精确的定义,但人们同样无法改变语言习惯,现在引述Hohfeld原始理论的时候有时把这个right称作“right proper”以明确表达概念。
三,power的精确概念是修改privilege和right proper的权利,或者大的power修改更小的power和immunity。比如财产权里面物主对财产的转置权,财产的范围是claim right界定的,但财产claim的增减是通过power来做的。在逻辑上,power和privilege很相似,都和他人义务无关,只不过不是最原本的自由而是第二级权利。现在人们通常把privilege和power归并在一起称为liberty right。
四,immunity是避免受制于power的豁免权,是相应于right proper的第二级,现在人们通常把right proper和immunity归并在一起称为claim right。

从上面这些小小的历史回顾可以看出,即使Hohfeld这样的天才人物、提出了如此优秀的理论体系,也无法扭转词汇的用法,不但日常用法照旧,就连美国法学界都没有遵循Hohfeld的提议,而是不得不另造新词(right proper、liberty right、claim right)以精确表达、避免歧义。

借鉴美国的经验,俺觉得中文词汇用法一旦约定俗成就不要强行改变词义了;“权利”有谐音歧义的缺点但在上下文里一般都不会产生误解,否则这个词汇不可能用得这么广。“权力”倒是有一个同义词,“权柄”,可以替代之。

在这样的前提下,保持“权利”作为总称,用“利权”来翻译claim right(包括right proper和immunity)还是比较合适的。至于liberty right,翻译成“自由”的确会导致一些歧义,因为人们平时说自由的时候经常把与之伴随的“他人不得侵犯”这一claim right考虑进“自由”里面去。但在具体的上下文中还是可以用“自由”或“自由权”来表述liberty right的概念。

“利权”作为claim right的中文词汇,还有一个好处就是让拿福利的人一听就明白他们的福利并非最基本的自由而是对立于基本自由的“利权”。

您意下如何?

【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: 寄信人: stuartl
: 发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 00:21:59 2009)
: 立里兄,您好!俺读了Hohfeld的原著,在坛子里贴了许多引文,可以很肯定的说,财产权的使用权成分就是liberty right。Hohfeld体系内的privilege和power现在一般被归并广义的liberty right,剩下的两项合称广义的claim right。俺还是想把广义的liberty right翻译为自由,
: (以下引言省略...)

--
※ 来源:.一路BBS http://yilubbs.com [FROM: 76.102.0.0]

※ 修改:.stuartl 于 Jul 19 00:05:21 修改本文.[FROM: 76.102.0.0]
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37#
发表于 7-18-2009 12:28:34 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

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我对 privilege 这个词并无疑惑,因为 liberty 这个概念当初一开始也是 privilege 的意思,并且是君主授予的 franchise。因为在封建制度中,掠夺性占有是常态,君主有能力剥夺任何人的利权,因此,自由成为一种特权被授予,其实就是免于被剥夺的特别许可。这和黑帮强盗放生一些被绑票的人质差不多意思。

但是 power 这个词用于二阶 liberty,这让我无法理解和接受。这个词的含义根本和 liberty, right 无关。比如,黑帮绑架人质,因为有 power,但是他们根本谈不上有什么 liberty, right 这么做。

权利这个词的误解非常普遍,必须改变。权利 (right) 和权力(power)是根本风牛马不相及的概念,因此必须彻底分开。所以我认为用利权,义权,直,更好。

Hohfeld 是修改了一些重要的词义来定义他提出的新概念的,而我用“利权”不是新造概念,也不是新造词,而是澄清长期的奴化教育导致利权概念的混乱。他的分类法,我认为是有道理的,但并不是完全赞同。这对我是很好的启发,我还要多想想。

我认为“他人不得侵犯”不是 claim right,而就是 liberty right 的特征。claim right 的特征是,他人有义务提供这一 right 兑现和履行。


【 在 stuartl 的大作中提到: 】
: 立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)
: 关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定
: (以下引言省略...)

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38#
发表于 7-18-2009 12:35:09 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

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寄信人: stuartl
发信站: 一路BBS (Sat Jul 18 12:57:01 2009)

立里兄:

我很赞同您对自由的地位等等理论问题的看法,只是对于名词用法还有疑问。您笔下的“利权”是响应了郭罗基老先生的倡议,就是通常所说“权利”的同义词,对吗?这样当然有从读音上区分right和power的好处,但是一方面不符合大部分人的习惯,另一方面几乎是浪费了“利权”这个词汇(本来可以用以表达新的含义)。从字面上讲,说“自由”属于获利之权也未尝不可,但词汇的含义不完全来自字面解读;只要在精确的、逻辑自恰的体系内给出适当的定义,那么“自由”与“利权”作为“权利”之下的互补概念仍然是行得通的。

您关于自由的文章写得相当好,俺过去太孤陋寡闻,多谢赐教!

立里:

我关于自由的论述还是很散乱的。我自己也在不断学习思考。以后要写成容易读的篇章。
我所用的“利权”,是权利(right)的同义语。我是从郭罗基先生那里学来的,但后来发现他不是第一个倡导这个译法的人。

我认为 claim right 可以翻译成“要权”(要求之利权),“得权”(取得之利权)。

【 在 stuartl 的大作中提到: 】
: 立里兄,俺太孤陋寡闻(以前光知道去MITBBS和一群脑残吵架),直到今天才看了您的许多文章,很是佩服!除了在死刑问题上还有些不同意见需要讨论,咱们的想法是基本一致的。俺已经加入了您在google的讨论组:)
: 关于Hohfeld理论的right概念,您可能还没有看原著,所以俺来大致说一下:Hohfeld并没有把claim right和claim right统称为right,而是给right下了一个很狭窄的定
: (以下引言省略...)

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39#
发表于 7-18-2009 22:35:43 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

谢谢给出原文,看来我在这点上的确错了,可能是混淆了后来某些人的修正和Hohfeld的原意,很抱歉(Hohfeld的原著以及法学界相关争论是很早以前读的,和我后来的方向没有什么联系,而我又比较同意批评者认为这种体系用处不大的观点,加上这次回帖时手头没有参考书,细节上果然出问题了,惭愧惭愧)。等我回学校以后再找找关于在财产权有无liberty rights方面修正Hohfeld体系的相关文献吧。
道歉之后,我想补充说明的是,即便财产权包括liberty rights,这并未削弱我一开始回帖时所说的,不应当把征税理解为liberty right与claim right两者之间的交换。既然财产权中总是同时存在liberty right与claim right两种权利,我在把一部分财产作为税金上缴国库的时候,自然同时放弃了对这部分财产的liberty right与claim right,这其中并不存在两者的交换与冲突。从更大的层面说,用Hohfeld的框架去理解自由主义与自由至上主义之间的争论是不恰当的,这是我一开始的重点所在
【 在 stuartl (stewie) 的大作中提到: 】
: 俺在archive.org读了Hohfeld的原著,不敢自称完全消化了,只是完全不觉得后文的correlation把liberty right的成分排除在财产权之外。Hohfeld论述的correlatives(原文好像没有用correlation这个词)主要指的是权利范畴内的一些基本概念之间的相依性(如甲方claim right和乙方duty)。下面是一些Hohfeld的原话和俺粗浅的理解,涉及契约,liberty right(privilege),和财产权:
: 引文一(p.31):“Passing to the field of contracts, we soon discover a similar inveterate tendency to confuse and blur legal discussions by failing to discriminate between the mental and physical facts involved in the so-called "agreement" of the parties, and the legal "contractual obligation" to which those facts give rise. Such ambiguity and confusion are peculiarly incident to the use of the term "contract." One moment the word may mean the agreement of the parties; and then, with a rapid and unexpected shift, the writer or speaker may use the term to indicate the contractual obligation created by law as a result of the agreement.”
: Hohfeld批评了把“契约”和“责任”混同起来的做法,但隐含的意思是义务来自法律强制的背景下对契约的执行。Hohfeld写书的目的是澄清法学概念,所以这里的概念比较狭窄;如果脱离法律体系考虑最简单的民间个人之间的关系,义务仍然来自某种契约或约定。俺在这里把obligation和duty当作同义词,如果不妥请指正。
: 引文二(p.32):“in the creation of a contractual obligation between A and B, the affirmative operative facts are, inter alia, that each of the parties is a human being...”
: 契约责任(和随之产生的权利义务关系)只存在于人与人之间(还有其他一些条件)。人对物的财产权是相对于其他人而言,不是相对于物而言。假如没有契约,那么人对物的占有只是行为,不是权利。这本书的第二部分专门论述了这个议题,就不另外引述了。
: 引文三(p.38-39):“if X has a right against Y that he shall stay off the former's land, the correlative (and equivalent) is that Y is under a duty toward X to stay off the place...
: “whereas X has a right or claim that Y, the other man, should stay off the hind, he himself has the privilege of entering on the land; or, in equivalent words, X does not have a duty to stay off. The privilege of entering is the negation of a duty to stay off. As indicated by this case, some caution is necessary at this point; for, always, when it is said that a given privilege is the mere negation of a duty, what is meant, of course, is a duty having a content or tenor precisely opposite to that of the privilege in question. Thus, if, for some special reason, X has contracted with Y to go on the former's own land, it is obvious that X has, as regards Y, both the privilege of entering and the duty of entering. The privilege is perfectly consistent with this sort of duty, — for the latter is of the same content or tenor as the privilege; — but it still holds good that, as regards Y. X's privilege of entering is the precise negation of a duty to stay off.
: “Passing now to the question of "correlatives." it will be remembered, of course, that a duty is the invariable correlative of that legal relation which is most properly called a right or claim. That being so, if further evidence be needed as to the fundamental and important difference between a right (or claim) and a privilege, surely it is found in the fact that the correlative of the latter relation is a "no-right," there being no single term available to express the latter conception. Thus, the correlative of X's right that Y shall not enter on the land is Y's duty not to enter; but the correlative of X's privilege of entering himself is manifestly Y's "no-right" that X shall not
: enter.”
: 上面这些引文非常重要,因为涉及了财产权(土地使用权),也涉及了相依性(correlative):一,X对土地的占有权是claim right(Hohfeld称之为right),相依/等同于Y不得进入的义务;二,X进入自家土地这一使用权是liberty right(Hohfeld称之为privilege)但进不进去随他自己、他只是没有不进去的义务;三,如果X和Y之间有一个专门的契约要求X进入自家土地,X就有了进入的义务,但这是相对于Y依据后一个契约(和财产权无关)要求X进入自家土地的claim right而言的;四,X进入自家土地的liberty right(privilege)相依/等同于Y无权禁止X这样做,这是Y的“无要求”(no-right),针对X对土地的财产权而言。
: 引文四(p.41-42)“"The eating of shrimp salad is an interest of mine, and. if I can pay for it, the law will protect that interest, and it is therefore a right of mine to eat shrimp salad which I have paid for..."
: “This passage seems to suggest primarily two classes of relations: first, the party's respective privileges, as against A, B, C, D and others in relation to eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective "no-rights" of A, B, C, D and others that the party should not eat the salad; second, the party's respective rights (or claims) as against A, B, C, D and others that they should not interfere with the physical act of eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective duties of A. B, C, D and others that they should not interfere.
: ...
: “Perhaps the essential character and importance of the distinction can be shown by a slight variation of the facts. Suppose that X, being already the legal owner of the salad, contracts with Y that he (X) will never eat this particular food. With A, B, C, D and others no such contract has been made. One of the relations now existing between X and Y is, as a consequence, fundamentally different from
: the relation between X and A. As regards Y, X has no privilege of eating the salad ; but as regards either A or any of the others, X has such a privilege. It is to be observed incidentally that X's right that Y should not eat the food persists even though X's own privilege of doing so has been extinguished.”
: 花钱买的沙拉是购买者的财产,所伴随的财产权包含两个成分:吃沙拉,作为使用权是liberty right(privilege);不让别人干涉自己吃沙拉,作为占有权是claim right(Hohfeld总算在这里用了claim这个词)。购买者(X)可以和Y达成契约保证自己不吃这盘沙拉,也就是放弃了自己这份财产的使用权,但相对于Y以外的别人,X仍然有使用权,而且对于包括Y在内的所有的外人,X即使不使用财产也仍然有占有权。
: 引文五(p.60):“X, the owner of a watch, has the power to abandon his property — that is, to extinguish his existing rights, powers, and immunities relating thereto (not, however, his privileges, for until someone else has acquired title to the abandoned watch, X would have the same privileges as before) ; and correlatively to X's power of abandonment there is a liability in every other person. But such a liability instead of being onerous or unwelcome, is quite the opposite. As regards another person, M, for example, it is a liability to have created in his favor (though against his will) a privilege and a power relating to the watch, — that is, the privilege of taking possession and the power, by doing so, to vest a title in himself.”
: Hohfeld花费了极长的篇幅详细论述了和财产权有关的二级权利,但咱们在这个问题上没有分歧,所以就不多说了;上面这段引文有意思的地方就是在二级权利的上下文之内涉及了财产权的liberty right成分(X使用手表的privilege)。还谈到M获得手表的privilege,但这是获得财产的权利,不属于通常意义上的财产权,而属于经济自由,或者“追求幸福”的自由。M获得这块手表的liberty right(privilege)原本不存在,被X的power修订之后才产生。从权利之起源的角度来考虑,假如没有社会契约,M原本有更大的liberty right——抢夺或偷窃原属于X的手表——但社会契约之下这些伦理上的“假自由”(逻辑上仍然是真自由)必须被让渡,所以正常情况下M对这块手表没有liberty right,除非依赖X的power。
: 引文六(p.76-77)“Suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre and X is the Owner of Whiteacre... as regards Blackacre, A has besides his rights, or claims, against B. C. D. E, and others, various legal privileges of controlling and using the land, and that these exist "to, over, or against" the land.”
: Hohfeld著作的第二部分论述了相对于少数个体的权利(right in personam,或paucital right,比如两个人之间的契约所决定的权利)和相对于庞大群体的权利(right in rem,或multital right,比如财产占有权,任何他人不得侵犯),在这个上下文中仍然涉及物主控制和使用财产的liberty right(privilege)。
: 引文七(p.92-94):“"Though legal ownership is conceived fundamentally as a right good against all the world, actual instances of such ownership are often much more narrowly limited..." instead of there being a single right with a single correlative duty resting on all the persons against whom the right avails, there are many separate and distinct rights, actual and potential, each one of which has a correlative duty resting upon some one person. Repeating a hypothetical case put above, let us suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre... B, C, D, and others indefinitely... respectively considered, shall not enter on Blackacre. It is not a case of one joint duty of the same content resting on all... Consistently with this view, A might, e.g., extinguish B's duty or, in other words, grant B the privilege of entering by giving "leave and license" to do so. In such event, of course, the respective duties of C, D, E, and all others would continue to exist, precisely as before.”
: 上面这段话的目的是进一步解析“相对于庞大群体的权利”(right in rem,或multital right)的精微含义,但也涉及财产权的例子:A给予B进入A的土地的liberty right(privilege)。这里的“grant”就是二级权利power,修改了原先的一级权利(假如没有任何契约也就没有财产占有权,B随便去哪里都可以,包括Blackacre;在社会契约和产权契约之下B失去了进入A的土地Blackacre的自由;现在A又运用自己作为物主的power把这个自由重新赋予B)。
: 引文八(p.96-97)“A multital right, or claim (right in rem), should not be confused with any co-existing privileges or other jural relations that the holder of the multital right or rights may have in respect to the same subject-matter... A has an indefinite number of legal privileges of entering on the land, using
: the land, harming the land, etc., that is, within limits fixed by law on grounds of social and economic policy, he has privileges of doing on or to the land what he pleases ; and correlative to all such legal privileges are the respective legal no-rights of other persons... In short, A has vested in himself, as regards Blackacre, multital, or in rem, "right — duty" relations, multital, or in rem, "privilege — no-right" relations, multital, or in rem, "power — liability" relations, and multital, or in rem, "immunity — disability" relations... A's privileges, e.g., are strikingly independent of his rights or claims against any given person, and either might exist without the other.”
: 基本上是在重复早先的东西,但明确列出了财产权的两个一级权利(包括privilege)和两个二级权利。全书总共114页,俺看到最后也没有找出哪一处否定了财产权具有liberty right成分;相反,Hohfeld逻辑性极强,全书前后自洽。
: 关于当代学者的论点,俺是业余票友,难以查阅社科文献,所以只好借助网络和图书馆。Peter Jones能否算作有影响力的学者?他1994年出版的Rights一书详细讨论了Hohfeld体系(开篇第一章就是这个话题,俺只看了这一章),俺在网上读过的一些资料也引用或转述了Jones的观点。下面是Jones在Rights书中的原话,和Hohfeld原著以及俺昨天提供的斯坦佛大学网站上的说法是完全一致的:“if I have a property right in a car, that right is likely to consist of a complicated cluster of Hohfeldian rights. Typically these would include the claim-right that others should refrain from damaging my car or using it without my permission, my liberty-right as owner of the car to use the car, the power to sell the car or to permit others to use it, and my immunity from any power of others to dispose of the car without my consent. In other words, a single assertion of right might, on inspection, turn out to be a cluster of different types of right.” 当然,您可以说Jones没有真正理解Hohfeld。俺没有找到专门论证财产权不具有liberty right成分的文章,可以说俺在网上看过的所有的涉及财产权的资料都或者像Jones一样明确说明财物使用权是liberty right,或者没有涉及这个细节。
: 总而言之,财产权作为复合权利具有liberty right的成分,是Hohfeld的原始观点;您说后来有人把财产权的使用权成分也当作claim right,这种新理论推翻了Hohfeld体系的重要论点,而不是顺延发挥、在Hohfeld理论框架内阐述Hohfeld没有涉足的领域。Hohfeld英年早逝,咱们无法猜测他是否会接受这种新理论,但俺认为Hohfeld理论是正确的,那种新理论不是“修正”而是歪曲。谁能提供否定财产权具有liberty right成分的学术论文?俺很想看看这种新理论是怎样推导出来的。
: 【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: : 法学界误以为property rights包括liberty rights也不乏其人,这不希奇,因为Hohfeld的原文是先讨论各个概念的opposition(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着我没有不做这件事的duty),过了几节后才讨论各个概念的correlation(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着别人
: : 关于property rights在Hohfeld的框架下究竟应当如何理
: : (以下引言省略...)


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40#
发表于 7-18-2009 22:43:13 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

你就算了吧……我承认我的确记忆有错,但你对我的回复根本南辕北辙。把获得财产的过程与财产权混在一起、说liberty right与claim right不是两种权利而是两种属性、……这些都是你的创举吧,可千万别不承认
【 在 lihlii (立里) 的大作中提到: 】
: stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。
: 我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
: 关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我要用”利权“这个词,请参看[1]。
: ...................

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41#
发表于 7-19-2009 01:19:14 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

Hohfeld对于权利的解析是在法律的框架内进行的,严谨的学者如Peter Jones(1994年出版学术著作Rights,讨论了Hohfeld体系)也指出Hohfeld体系在法律规则(包括受法律保护的个人契约)之外的适用性有待讨论,但俺粗浅考虑的结果是Hohfeld体系在逻辑上讲可以适用于所有的权利,甚至包括丛林法则和强盗山寨内的广义“权利”,因为从逻辑操作的角度上讲,丛林法则、强盗山寨、专制政权、民主政权的规则体系都存在或多或少的强制性,或多或少的违背某些成员的意愿;道义的区别不等于逻辑的区别。

假使人与人之间没有任何契约,也就没有义务,自由最多,但这时自由就包括烧杀淫掠这些完全不合道义的行为,所以即使自由主义者也不会片面追求自由的最大化。

人与人之间通过契约来调节社会关系是绝对必要的,野蛮侵犯他人的自由必须被让渡,所以国内学者邓新华提出“权利就是自愿”,要求任何一项权利所涉及的各方都出乎自愿,不能违背任何一方的意愿加以侵犯。这个论点与您的“自由契约”、“元利权”相合。满足自愿这一条件的契约所规范的liberty right和与之伴随的claim right就是在合乎伦理的前提下最基本的权利,这是自由主义的理想状态。只要涉及契约就存在义务,有义务就有claim right(在这一层面主要落实于外界不得侵犯这样的消极义务;甲方claim right来自乙方义务,这是Hohfeld体系的一对correlative)。您认为“他人不得侵犯”不是 claim right而是liberty right的特征,如果脱离Hohfeld体系是可以这样说的,但liberty right和claim right这两个英文术语来自Hohfeld体系,所以最好不要脱离Hohfeld体系给这两个术语下新的定义,而是应该用别的词或另创新词。其实通常意义上、尤其是政治意义上的自由/liberty就包含了Hohfeld的liberty right和在契约之下与之共生的“他人不得侵犯”这一消极claim right,所以自由/liberty就很合适了。考虑到这一点,俺不再坚持用“自由”来翻译liberty right;为了精确,或许可以称之为“自由(狭义)”。

关于power,作为第二级liberty right,其实就相当于修改权利义务范围的自由,在正常的制度之内是受严格限制的,但在极端情况下(如您举的黑帮绑架人质的例子)就完全不合乎道义,和一级自由里面的烧杀淫掠一样。只要有契约就连带产生power和immunity这对二级权利,现在学术界也把power和immunity归并于liberty right和claim right,所以不必过多考虑。但是如果仔细分析许多权利的细节,比如买卖、转让、放弃,都属于power。财产权所包含的处置权就是个人有权修改自己财产的占有权(claim right)的范围,是power,但人们通常把财产处置权称作自由。社会契约所规定的交税的义务,导致相应于税收的这部分财产的处置自由被让渡。

关于claim right的中文翻译,如果不能用“利权”,那么“要求权”就可以了。新词能避免就避免;俺考虑使用“利权”主要是觉得这是个闲置不用的老词。但是要想用“利权”取代“权利”难度实在太大;俺刚刚查了一下日文资料,原来日语里right都翻译成“权利”。港台也一样。如果要想避免和“权力”的谐音,还不如用“权柄”取代后者。用“利权”取代“权利”真的有助于澄清概念吗?


【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: 我对 privilege 这个词并无疑惑,因为 liberty 这个概念当初一开始也是 privilege 的意思,并且是君主授予的 franchise。因为在封建制度中,掠夺性占有是常态,君主有能力剥夺任何人的利权,因此,自由成为一种特权被授予,其实就是免于被剥夺的特别许可。这和黑帮强盗放生一些被绑票的人质差不多意思。
: 但是 power 这个词用于二阶 liberty,这让我无法理解
: (以下引言省略...)

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※ 修改:.stuartl 于 Jul 19 05:34:06 修改本文.[FROM: 76.102.0.0]
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42#
发表于 7-19-2009 01:46:10 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

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关于liberty right与claim right的交换,俺觉得有两层含义:其一是政治上的、不严格的说法,社会契约所规定的社会成员让渡的liberty right和得到的claim right不是直接交换而是经由政府,一方面具体个人的付出与回报不平衡,另一方面政府内耗导致社会成员全体得到的回馈少于总付出。其二是具体每一项契约只要给某人规定了义务就减少了他的liberty right,而此人的义务又导致契约中的对方获得claim right,所以这里的交换是精确的。。。

【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 谢谢给出原文,看来我在这点上的确错了,可能是混淆了后来某些人的修正和Hohfeld的原意,很抱歉(Hohfeld的原著以及法学界相关争论是很早以前读的,和我后来的方向没有什么联系,而我又比较同意批评者认为这种体系用处不大的观点,加上这次回帖时手头没有参考书,细节上果然出问题了,惭愧惭愧)。等我回学校以后再找找关于
: (以下引言省略...)

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43#
发表于 7-19-2009 12:00:13 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

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关于什么“获得财产”和“财产权”的瞎胡扯,我觉得没必要说明了。

【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 你就算了吧……我承认我的确记忆有错,但你对我的回复根本南辕北辙。把获得财产的过程与财产权混在一起、说liberty right与claim right不是两种权利而是两种属性、……这些都是你的创举吧,可千万别不承认
: 【 在 lihlii (立里) 的大作中提到: 】
: : stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子
: (以下引言省略...)

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44#
发表于 7-18-2009 22:35:43 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

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谢谢给出原文,看来我在这点上的确错了,可能是混淆了后来某些人的修正和Hohfeld的原意,很抱歉(Hohfeld的原著以及法学界相关争论是很早以前读的,和我后来的方向没有什么联系,而我又比较同意批评者认为这种体系用处不大的观点,加上这次回帖时手头没有参考书,细节上果然出问题了,惭愧惭愧)。等我回学校以后再找找关于在财产权有无liberty rights方面修正Hohfeld体系的相关文献吧。
道歉之后,我想补充说明的是,即便财产权包括liberty rights,这并未削弱我一开始回帖时所说的,不应当把征税理解为liberty right与claim right两者之间的交换。既然财产权中总是同时存在liberty right与claim right两种权利,我在把一部分财产作为税金上缴国库的时候,自然同时放弃了对这部分财产的liberty right与claim right,这其中并不存在两者的交换与冲突。从更大的层面说,用Hohfeld的框架去理解自由主义与自由至上主义之间的争论是不恰当的,这是我一开始的重点所在
【 在 stuartl (stewie) 的大作中提到: 】
: 俺在archive.org读了Hohfeld的原著,不敢自称完全消化了,只是完全不觉得后文的correlation把liberty right的成分排除在财产权之外。Hohfeld论述的correlatives(原文好像没有用correlation这个词)主要指的是权利范畴内的一些基本概念之间的相依性(如甲方claim right和乙方duty)。下面是一些Hohfeld的原话和俺粗浅的理解,涉及契约,liberty right(privilege),和财产权:
: 引文一(p.31):“Passing to the field of contracts, we soon discover a similar inveterate tendency to confuse and blur legal discussions by failing to discriminate between the mental and physical facts involved in the so-called "agreement" of the parties, and the legal "contractual obligation" to which those facts give rise. Such ambiguity and confusion are peculiarly incident to the use of the term "contract." One moment the word may mean the agreement of the parties; and then, with a rapid and unexpected shift, the writer or speaker may use the term to indicate the contractual obligation created by law as a result of the agreement.”
: Hohfeld批评了把“契约”和“责任”混同起来的做法,但隐含的意思是义务来自法律强制的背景下对契约的执行。Hohfeld写书的目的是澄清法学概念,所以这里的概念比较狭窄;如果脱离法律体系考虑最简单的民间个人之间的关系,义务仍然来自某种契约或约定。俺在这里把obligation和duty当作同义词,如果不妥请指正。
: 引文二(p.32):“in the creation of a contractual obligation between A and B, the affirmative operative facts are, inter alia, that each of the parties is a human being...”
: 契约责任(和随之产生的权利义务关系)只存在于人与人之间(还有其他一些条件)。人对物的财产权是相对于其他人而言,不是相对于物而言。假如没有契约,那么人对物的占有只是行为,不是权利。这本书的第二部分专门论述了这个议题,就不另外引述了。
: 引文三(p.38-39):“if X has a right against Y that he shall stay off the former's land, the correlative (and equivalent) is that Y is under a duty toward X to stay off the place...
: “whereas X has a right or claim that Y, the other man, should stay off the hind, he himself has the privilege of entering on the land; or, in equivalent words, X does not have a duty to stay off. The privilege of entering is the negation of a duty to stay off. As indicated by this case, some caution is necessary at this point; for, always, when it is said that a given privilege is the mere negation of a duty, what is meant, of course, is a duty having a content or tenor precisely opposite to that of the privilege in question. Thus, if, for some special reason, X has contracted with Y to go on the former's own land, it is obvious that X has, as regards Y, both the privilege of entering and the duty of entering. The privilege is perfectly consistent with this sort of duty, — for the latter is of the same content or tenor as the privilege; — but it still holds good that, as regards Y. X's privilege of entering is the precise negation of a duty to stay off.
: “Passing now to the question of "correlatives." it will be remembered, of course, that a duty is the invariable correlative of that legal relation which is most properly called a right or claim. That being so, if further evidence be needed as to the fundamental and important difference between a right (or claim) and a privilege, surely it is found in the fact that the correlative of the latter relation is a "no-right," there being no single term available to express the latter conception. Thus, the correlative of X's right that Y shall not enter on the land is Y's duty not to enter; but the correlative of X's privilege of entering himself is manifestly Y's "no-right" that X shall not
: enter.”
: 上面这些引文非常重要,因为涉及了财产权(土地使用权),也涉及了相依性(correlative):一,X对土地的占有权是claim right(Hohfeld称之为right),相依/等同于Y不得进入的义务;二,X进入自家土地这一使用权是liberty right(Hohfeld称之为privilege)但进不进去随他自己、他只是没有不进去的义务;三,如果X和Y之间有一个专门的契约要求X进入自家土地,X就有了进入的义务,但这是相对于Y依据后一个契约(和财产权无关)要求X进入自家土地的claim right而言的;四,X进入自家土地的liberty right(privilege)相依/等同于Y无权禁止X这样做,这是Y的“无要求”(no-right),针对X对土地的财产权而言。
: 引文四(p.41-42)“"The eating of shrimp salad is an interest of mine, and. if I can pay for it, the law will protect that interest, and it is therefore a right of mine to eat shrimp salad which I have paid for..."
: “This passage seems to suggest primarily two classes of relations: first, the party's respective privileges, as against A, B, C, D and others in relation to eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective "no-rights" of A, B, C, D and others that the party should not eat the salad; second, the party's respective rights (or claims) as against A, B, C, D and others that they should not interfere with the physical act of eating the salad, or, correlatively, the respective duties of A. B, C, D and others that they should not interfere.
: ...
: “Perhaps the essential character and importance of the distinction can be shown by a slight variation of the facts. Suppose that X, being already the legal owner of the salad, contracts with Y that he (X) will never eat this particular food. With A, B, C, D and others no such contract has been made. One of the relations now existing between X and Y is, as a consequence, fundamentally different from
: the relation between X and A. As regards Y, X has no privilege of eating the salad ; but as regards either A or any of the others, X has such a privilege. It is to be observed incidentally that X's right that Y should not eat the food persists even though X's own privilege of doing so has been extinguished.”
: 花钱买的沙拉是购买者的财产,所伴随的财产权包含两个成分:吃沙拉,作为使用权是liberty right(privilege);不让别人干涉自己吃沙拉,作为占有权是claim right(Hohfeld总算在这里用了claim这个词)。购买者(X)可以和Y达成契约保证自己不吃这盘沙拉,也就是放弃了自己这份财产的使用权,但相对于Y以外的别人,X仍然有使用权,而且对于包括Y在内的所有的外人,X即使不使用财产也仍然有占有权。
: 引文五(p.60):“X, the owner of a watch, has the power to abandon his property — that is, to extinguish his existing rights, powers, and immunities relating thereto (not, however, his privileges, for until someone else has acquired title to the abandoned watch, X would have the same privileges as before) ; and correlatively to X's power of abandonment there is a liability in every other person. But such a liability instead of being onerous or unwelcome, is quite the opposite. As regards another person, M, for example, it is a liability to have created in his favor (though against his will) a privilege and a power relating to the watch, — that is, the privilege of taking possession and the power, by doing so, to vest a title in himself.”
: Hohfeld花费了极长的篇幅详细论述了和财产权有关的二级权利,但咱们在这个问题上没有分歧,所以就不多说了;上面这段引文有意思的地方就是在二级权利的上下文之内涉及了财产权的liberty right成分(X使用手表的privilege)。还谈到M获得手表的privilege,但这是获得财产的权利,不属于通常意义上的财产权,而属于经济自由,或者“追求幸福”的自由。M获得这块手表的liberty right(privilege)原本不存在,被X的power修订之后才产生。从权利之起源的角度来考虑,假如没有社会契约,M原本有更大的liberty right——抢夺或偷窃原属于X的手表——但社会契约之下这些伦理上的“假自由”(逻辑上仍然是真自由)必须被让渡,所以正常情况下M对这块手表没有liberty right,除非依赖X的power。
: 引文六(p.76-77)“Suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre and X is the Owner of Whiteacre... as regards Blackacre, A has besides his rights, or claims, against B. C. D. E, and others, various legal privileges of controlling and using the land, and that these exist "to, over, or against" the land.”
: Hohfeld著作的第二部分论述了相对于少数个体的权利(right in personam,或paucital right,比如两个人之间的契约所决定的权利)和相对于庞大群体的权利(right in rem,或multital right,比如财产占有权,任何他人不得侵犯),在这个上下文中仍然涉及物主控制和使用财产的liberty right(privilege)。
: 引文七(p.92-94):“"Though legal ownership is conceived fundamentally as a right good against all the world, actual instances of such ownership are often much more narrowly limited..." instead of there being a single right with a single correlative duty resting on all the persons against whom the right avails, there are many separate and distinct rights, actual and potential, each one of which has a correlative duty resting upon some one person. Repeating a hypothetical case put above, let us suppose that A is the owner of Blackacre... B, C, D, and others indefinitely... respectively considered, shall not enter on Blackacre. It is not a case of one joint duty of the same content resting on all... Consistently with this view, A might, e.g., extinguish B's duty or, in other words, grant B the privilege of entering by giving "leave and license" to do so. In such event, of course, the respective duties of C, D, E, and all others would continue to exist, precisely as before.”
: 上面这段话的目的是进一步解析“相对于庞大群体的权利”(right in rem,或multital right)的精微含义,但也涉及财产权的例子:A给予B进入A的土地的liberty right(privilege)。这里的“grant”就是二级权利power,修改了原先的一级权利(假如没有任何契约也就没有财产占有权,B随便去哪里都可以,包括Blackacre;在社会契约和产权契约之下B失去了进入A的土地Blackacre的自由;现在A又运用自己作为物主的power把这个自由重新赋予B)。
: 引文八(p.96-97)“A multital right, or claim (right in rem), should not be confused with any co-existing privileges or other jural relations that the holder of the multital right or rights may have in respect to the same subject-matter... A has an indefinite number of legal privileges of entering on the land, using
: the land, harming the land, etc., that is, within limits fixed by law on grounds of social and economic policy, he has privileges of doing on or to the land what he pleases ; and correlative to all such legal privileges are the respective legal no-rights of other persons... In short, A has vested in himself, as regards Blackacre, multital, or in rem, "right — duty" relations, multital, or in rem, "privilege — no-right" relations, multital, or in rem, "power — liability" relations, and multital, or in rem, "immunity — disability" relations... A's privileges, e.g., are strikingly independent of his rights or claims against any given person, and either might exist without the other.”
: 基本上是在重复早先的东西,但明确列出了财产权的两个一级权利(包括privilege)和两个二级权利。全书总共114页,俺看到最后也没有找出哪一处否定了财产权具有liberty right成分;相反,Hohfeld逻辑性极强,全书前后自洽。
: 关于当代学者的论点,俺是业余票友,难以查阅社科文献,所以只好借助网络和图书馆。Peter Jones能否算作有影响力的学者?他1994年出版的Rights一书详细讨论了Hohfeld体系(开篇第一章就是这个话题,俺只看了这一章),俺在网上读过的一些资料也引用或转述了Jones的观点。下面是Jones在Rights书中的原话,和Hohfeld原著以及俺昨天提供的斯坦佛大学网站上的说法是完全一致的:“if I have a property right in a car, that right is likely to consist of a complicated cluster of Hohfeldian rights. Typically these would include the claim-right that others should refrain from damaging my car or using it without my permission, my liberty-right as owner of the car to use the car, the power to sell the car or to permit others to use it, and my immunity from any power of others to dispose of the car without my consent. In other words, a single assertion of right might, on inspection, turn out to be a cluster of different types of right.” 当然,您可以说Jones没有真正理解Hohfeld。俺没有找到专门论证财产权不具有liberty right成分的文章,可以说俺在网上看过的所有的涉及财产权的资料都或者像Jones一样明确说明财物使用权是liberty right,或者没有涉及这个细节。
: 总而言之,财产权作为复合权利具有liberty right的成分,是Hohfeld的原始观点;您说后来有人把财产权的使用权成分也当作claim right,这种新理论推翻了Hohfeld体系的重要论点,而不是顺延发挥、在Hohfeld理论框架内阐述Hohfeld没有涉足的领域。Hohfeld英年早逝,咱们无法猜测他是否会接受这种新理论,但俺认为Hohfeld理论是正确的,那种新理论不是“修正”而是歪曲。谁能提供否定财产权具有liberty right成分的学术论文?俺很想看看这种新理论是怎样推导出来的。
: 【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: : 法学界误以为property rights包括liberty rights也不乏其人,这不希奇,因为Hohfeld的原文是先讨论各个概念的opposition(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着我没有不做这件事的duty),过了几节后才讨论各个概念的correlation(我有做某件事的liberty right /privilege /permission,意味着别人
: : 关于property rights在Hohfeld的框架下究竟应当如何理
: : (以下引言省略...)


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45#
发表于 7-18-2009 22:43:13 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

你就算了吧……我承认我的确记忆有错,但你对我的回复根本南辕北辙。把获得财产的过程与财产权混在一起、说liberty right与claim right不是两种权利而是两种属性、……这些都是你的创举吧,可千万别不承认
【 在 lihlii (立里) 的大作中提到: 】
: stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子发脾气,实在是等而下之。
: 我看了 dikaios 的反驳,根本毫无价值。stuartl 的帖子我粗看了一下,没有发现我理解上的错误。还要细看。
: 关于利权,也不是郭罗基先生首先提出的译法。为什么我要用”利权“这个词,请参看[1]。
: ...................

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46#
发表于 7-19-2009 01:19:14 | 只看该作者

Re: liberty right 和 claim right

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Hohfeld对于权利的解析是在法律的框架内进行的,严谨的学者如Peter Jones(1994年出版学术著作Rights,讨论了Hohfeld体系)也指出Hohfeld体系在法律规则(包括受法律保护的个人契约)之外的适用性有待讨论,但俺粗浅考虑的结果是Hohfeld体系在逻辑上讲可以适用于所有的权利,甚至包括丛林法则和强盗山寨内的广义“权利”,因为从逻辑操作的角度上讲,丛林法则、强盗山寨、专制政权、民主政权的规则体系都存在或多或少的强制性,或多或少的违背某些成员的意愿;道义的区别不等于逻辑的区别。

假使人与人之间没有任何契约,也就没有义务,自由最多,但这时自由就包括烧杀淫掠这些完全不合道义的行为,所以即使自由主义者也不会片面追求自由的最大化。

人与人之间通过契约来调节社会关系是绝对必要的,野蛮侵犯他人的自由必须被让渡,所以国内学者邓新华提出“权利就是自愿”,要求任何一项权利所涉及的各方都出乎自愿,不能违背任何一方的意愿加以侵犯。这个论点与您的“自由契约”、“元利权”相合。满足自愿这一条件的契约所规范的liberty right和与之伴随的claim right就是在合乎伦理的前提下最基本的权利,这是自由主义的理想状态。只要涉及契约就存在义务,有义务就有claim right(在这一层面主要落实于外界不得侵犯这样的消极义务;甲方claim right来自乙方义务,这是Hohfeld体系的一对correlative)。您认为“他人不得侵犯”不是 claim right而是liberty right的特征,如果脱离Hohfeld体系是可以这样说的,但liberty right和claim right这两个英文术语来自Hohfeld体系,所以最好不要脱离Hohfeld体系给这两个术语下新的定义,而是应该用别的词或另创新词。其实通常意义上、尤其是政治意义上的自由/liberty就包含了Hohfeld的liberty right和在契约之下与之共生的“他人不得侵犯”这一消极claim right,所以自由/liberty就很合适了。考虑到这一点,俺不再坚持用“自由”来翻译liberty right;为了精确,或许可以称之为“自由(狭义)”。

关于power,作为第二级liberty right,其实就相当于修改权利义务范围的自由,在正常的制度之内是受严格限制的,但在极端情况下(如您举的黑帮绑架人质的例子)就完全不合乎道义,和一级自由里面的烧杀淫掠一样。只要有契约就连带产生power和immunity这对二级权利,现在学术界也把power和immunity归并于liberty right和claim right,所以不必过多考虑。但是如果仔细分析许多权利的细节,比如买卖、转让、放弃,都属于power。财产权所包含的处置权就是个人有权修改自己财产的占有权(claim right)的范围,是power,但人们通常把财产处置权称作自由。社会契约所规定的交税的义务,导致相应于税收的这部分财产的处置自由被让渡。

关于claim right的中文翻译,如果不能用“利权”,那么“要求权”就可以了。新词能避免就避免;俺考虑使用“利权”主要是觉得这是个闲置不用的老词。但是要想用“利权”取代“权利”难度实在太大;俺刚刚查了一下日文资料,原来日语里right都翻译成“权利”。港台也一样。如果要想避免和“权力”的谐音,还不如用“权柄”取代后者。用“利权”取代“权利”真的有助于澄清概念吗?


【 在 lihlii 的大作中提到: 】
: 我对 privilege 这个词并无疑惑,因为 liberty 这个概念当初一开始也是 privilege 的意思,并且是君主授予的 franchise。因为在封建制度中,掠夺性占有是常态,君主有能力剥夺任何人的利权,因此,自由成为一种特权被授予,其实就是免于被剥夺的特别许可。这和黑帮强盗放生一些被绑票的人质差不多意思。
: 但是 power 这个词用于二阶 liberty,这让我无法理解
: (以下引言省略...)

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※ 来源:.一路BBS http://yilubbs.com [FROM: 76.102.0.0]

※ 修改:.stuartl 于 Jul 19 05:34:06 修改本文.[FROM: 76.102.0.0]
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47#
发表于 7-19-2009 01:46:10 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

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关于liberty right与claim right的交换,俺觉得有两层含义:其一是政治上的、不严格的说法,社会契约所规定的社会成员让渡的liberty right和得到的claim right不是直接交换而是经由政府,一方面具体个人的付出与回报不平衡,另一方面政府内耗导致社会成员全体得到的回馈少于总付出。其二是具体每一项契约只要给某人规定了义务就减少了他的liberty right,而此人的义务又导致契约中的对方获得claim right,所以这里的交换是精确的。。。

【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 谢谢给出原文,看来我在这点上的确错了,可能是混淆了后来某些人的修正和Hohfeld的原意,很抱歉(Hohfeld的原著以及法学界相关争论是很早以前读的,和我后来的方向没有什么联系,而我又比较同意批评者认为这种体系用处不大的观点,加上这次回帖时手头没有参考书,细节上果然出问题了,惭愧惭愧)。等我回学校以后再找找关于
: (以下引言省略...)

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48#
发表于 7-19-2009 12:00:13 | 只看该作者

Re: 基于权利的概念分析政治左右派的区别和土共的本质zz

本文通过一路BBS站telnet客户端发布

关于什么“获得财产”和“财产权”的瞎胡扯,我觉得没必要说明了。

【 在 dikaios 的大作中提到: 】
: 你就算了吧……我承认我的确记忆有错,但你对我的回复根本南辕北辙。把获得财产的过程与财产权混在一起、说liberty right与claim right不是两种权利而是两种属性、……这些都是你的创举吧,可千万别不承认
: 【 在 lihlii (立里) 的大作中提到: 】
: : stuartl 的研究精神令人欣赏,表述方式还不够清晰。 dikaios 一塌糊涂,自己的专业学习成这样,还卖关子
: (以下引言省略...)

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