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本帖最后由 choi 于 4-17-2021 11:15 编辑
Scott Reyburn, Possible Caravaggio Is Pulled from Auction; The painting's value could be millions more than the original starting price of $1,800. New York Times, Apr 9, 2021, at page C7 (Arts section).
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/ ... ain-export-ban.html
https://dnyuz.com/2021/04/08/pos ... nounces-export-ban/
Quote:
"A sale of art and antiques at the Madrid auction house Ansorena on Thursday [Apr 8, 2021] was scheduled to include a grimy oil on canvas of Christ being crowned with thorns, cataloged as from the “circle” of the 17th-century Spanish painter José de Ribera. The suggested starting bid was set at 1,500 euros, or about $1,800. The Museo del Prado in Madrid, which had become aware that this painting might be a long-lost work by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, the most celebrated of all Baroque artists, alerted Spain’s culture ministry. And on Wednesday, the ministry announced an export ban on the painting, and it was withdrawn from the auction the following day.
"Two weeks ago, the painting was spotted online by the London-based old master dealers Marco Voena and Fabrizio Moretti, who flew to Madrid to view the work in person. They believe it to be a well-documented but long-lost Caravaggio.
"In 2017, Voena and Moretti bought a newly discovered self-portrait by Caravaggio's renowned contemporary Artemisia Gentileschi for 2.4 million euros with fees, or about $2.8 million, at a Paris auction. The dealers later sold it to the National Gallery in London.
" 'At this moment no one at El Prado has seen the painting personally [online yes, but not personally],' said Carlos Chaguaceda, the communications director at the museum. * * *
"The subject, from St John's Gospel, shows Pontius Pilate presenting the scourged and mocked Christ to the crowd. According to contemporary biographers, Caravaggio participated in a secret competition with two other painters to make a canvas of this scene, known as 'Ecce Homo.' Caravaggio's entry was reputedly taken to Spain. A painting of this subject is displayed as a Caravaggio at the Galleria Palazzo Rosso in Genoa, but the attribution has been disputed by some scholars. Maria Cristina Terzaghi, an associate professor of art history at Roma Tre University in Rome, is among the scholars who believes that the painting withdrawn from the Madrid sale is Caravaggio's original 'Ecce Homo.' 'There is no doubt about the attribution,' said Terzaghi, who flew to Madrid on Tuesday to view the work in person. Terzaghi said that the canvas matched the description and size of corresponding Caravaggio works listed in two 17th-century collectors’ inventories, and that the figure of Pilate was based on a model who appears in another Caravaggio work, the 'Madonna of the Rosary,' now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. * * * 'The problem is the provenance,' said Terzaghi, who pointed out that the painting disappears from documentation in the mid-17th century.
"The last major painting to be offered on the market as a Caravaggio was a newly discovered canvas of 'Judith and Holofernes' scheduled to be sold at auction Toulouse in 2019. Estimated at €100 million to €150 million, the painting was withdrawn shortly before the sale and bought privately by the New York-based collector J Tomilson Hill for a price closer to the reserve of €30 million. Scholars were divided over whether it was painted solely by Caravaggio.
Note:
(a)
(i) Times of London's depiction of this painting.
(A) Isambard Wilkinson, Sale of 'lost Caravaggio masterpiece Ecce Homo worth €150m' halted. Times of London, Apr 9, 2021 (print date)
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/artic ... 0m-halted-k368rlzzk
(paragraph 2: "The discovery of what may possibly be an Ecce Homo by Caravaggio, which depicts Pontius Pilate displaying Christ to a crowd and is thought to have been kept in Spain for four centuries, prompted the government to quickly ban its export")
(B) Isambard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard
(ii) The last sentence of this NYT report is: (An art specialist said, when asked to speculate about the price of this painting should it prove to be a Caravaggio):"But how long is a piece of string?"
How long is a piece of string?
https://idioms.thefreedictionary ... +piece+of+string%3F
(b) Quotation above will be examined in Note (a).
(i) Reproduction of this painting in this article at NYT print is kind of dark; one fails to see the details. Her is a good reproduction.
https://news.artnet.com/art-worl ... -caravaggio-1957818
(ii) "self-portrait by * * * Artemisia Gentileschi"
(A) Artemisia Gentileschi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi
(B) Artemis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis
("The goddess Diana is her Roman equivalent")
, which is English spelling. The spellings in Modern Italian, Latin and Ancient Greek are all Artemisia (per Wiktionary).
(C) Self-Portrait as Saint Catherine of Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se ... erine_of_Alexandria
(section 2 Provenance)
(iii) scourge (n & v; etymology): "whip"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scourge
(iv) "Caravaggio participated in a secret competition with two other painters to make a canvas of this scene"
See Note (c)(ii).
(v) "A painting of this subject is displayed as a Caravaggio at the Galleria Palazzo Rosso in Genoa, but the attribution has been disputed by some scholars."
(A) See Note (d)(ii). Location at "Galleria Palazzo Rosso" is wrong.
(B) Palazzo Bianco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Bianco
("together with those of its neighbors Palazzo Rosso and Palazzo Doria Tursi, it forms part of the Strada Nuova Museums" --all owned by City of Genoa)
(C) Italian-English dictionary:
* rosso (adj masculine; from Latin [adjective masculine] russus [red]): "red"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rosso
, whose Spanish counterpart (adjective masculine) is rojo.
* strada (noun feminine; from Latin [noun feminine] strāta paved road): "road, street"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strada
, whose Spanish counterpart is estrada (which is also a Spanish surname).
(vi) "The last major painting to be offered on the market as a Caravaggio was a newly discovered canvas of 'Judith and Holofernes' "
See my June 27, 2019 posting titled "Caravaggio."
(c)
(i) Take notice of "possible" in the report title; there is no authentication whatsoever, except the same canvas size used by Caravaggio.
(ii) Caravaggio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio
(1571 – 1610; born in Milan and died at 38 in Tuscany; "he died as the result of a wound sustained in a brawl in Naples, specifically from sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus [common on the human skin]")
(iii) Pontius Pilate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate
(Latin: Pontius Pilatus; "governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from the year 26/27 to 36/37 AD")
Pilate
https://www.pilatemerriam-webster.com/dictionary/Pilate
(pronunciation)
is the English spelling of the surname.
(d) There are already two oil paintings by Caravaggio about this (John 19:5) scene:
(i)
(A) The Crowning with Thorns (Caravaggio, Vienna)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crowning_with_Thorns_(Caravaggio,_Vienna)
("The twisted body of Christ was influenced by the Belvedere Torso")
(B) Belvedere Torso Sculpture; Dimensions, history & Facts. Visit Vatican, undated
https://visitvatican.info/belvedere-torso
("Located within the wonderful Vatican Museums * * * Origin of the word 'Belvedere' [which is sectional heading:] The 'Belvedere Torso' got its name as such when it entered the Vatican Belvedere collection at the Bramante designed Cortile del Belvedere. As such, it is often referred to as 'El Torso de Belvedere' ")
(ii) Ecce Homo (Caravaggio)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Caravaggio)
(of Galleria Palazzo Bianco)
(A) But what was in Jesus's hand? A stick, a rod? Nay, it was a reed.
Juan de Juanes, Ecce Homo. Museo del Prado, undated
https://www.museodelprado.es/en/ ... b-87e9-1cbfe24c81bf
("This direct, frontal depiction of Christ wearing the crown of thorns, his hands tied and holding a reed sceptre, was one of Juanes's most succesful [sic; a third s is missing] compositions")
Sceptre is British spelling, whose American counterpart is scepter.
(B) Vicente Juan Masip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Juan_Masip
(1507 – 1579; also known as Joan de Joanes [in Spanish: Juan de Juanes]; Spanish)
The surname of his father was Masip.
(C) Gospel of John did not mention reed, but Gospel of Matthew did.
Matthew 27:29 (KJV): "And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews!"
• plat (n): "dialect variant spelling of plait"
https://www.lexico.com/definition/plat
(pronunciations of the verb of the two word change accordingly)
• plait (n, v): "British a single length of hair, straw, rope, or other material made up of three or more interlaced strands <she wore her dark hair in plaits>"
https://www.lexico.com/definition/plait
American English is braid. The www.merriam-webster.com does not say so, but its definition of plait includes the word braid.
(e)
(i) Ecce homo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_homo
("are the Latin words used by Pontius Pilate in the Vulgate translation of the Gospel of John, when he presents a scourged Jesus Christ, bound and crowned with thorns, to a hostile crowd shortly before his Crucifixion. The original New Testament Greek * * * is rendered by most English Bible translations, eg * * * King James Version, as 'behold the man' ")
The Wikipedia page italicizes "Ecce homo" because it is Latin (not English, that is).
(A) vulgate (n; from Latin vulgata (editio(n-)) (edition) prepared for the public, feminine past participle of [verb] vulgare [to broadcast or publish, to make common], from [noun neuter or masculine] vulgus common people):
https://www.lexico.com/definition/vulgate
(B) Vulgate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate
(The translation [to Latin from Koine Greek for New Testament and from Hebrew for Old Testament] was largely the work of Jerome of Stridon 'The exact location of Stridon is unknown. It is possible Stridon was located either in modern Croatia or Slovenia': en.wikipedia.org] who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I)
• Jerome, Scholar, Translator, and Theologian (under the heading of "Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past")
justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/256.html
("Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common people), and accordingly Jerome's translation is called the Vulgate. Vulgate Latin is classical Latin in the first stages of evolving into such modern languages as Spanish, French, and Italian. It has begun the process of changing from an inflected language (in which words have various endings, or inflections, which are used to show the relation of the word to other words in the sentence) to a separate-word language like English (in which additional words, such as prepositions, are used, along with word order, to show the function of the word). Thus, in classical Latin, 'He spoke to me,' is Dixit Mihi or Mihi Dixit, but in Vulgate Latin it is Dixit AD Me")
To my knowledge, this is the only reference to "Vulgate Latin" as if it were a language. Most refer to Vulgate as Jerome's Latin Bible. Vulgar Latin was the Language Jerome used. See
Ryan Nelson, What Is the Vulgate? The Beginner's Guide to the Bible, Sept 7, 2018
https://overviewbible.com/vulgate/
("The Vulgate is a fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible, produced primarily by St Jerome. * * * Jerome completed his work in 405 AD, but continued to revise the Latin Vulgate for years. * * * More than 1,000 years after it was finished, the Vulgate became the official Latin Bible of the Catholic church, which it remained until 1979. Most people are aware of the King James Version's lasting impact on the English language, Western literature, art, and culture. But the Latin Vulgate was the most popular Bible translation for more than a millennia before the KJV even existed, including during the Renaissance. Numerous English words we see in modern Bibles were practically lifted right out of the Vulgate, including 'creation,' 'salvation,' 'justification,' and 'testament.' The word 'Lucifer,' a common name for the devil among English speakers, owes its existence to this translation. * * * Why is it called the Vulgate? [which is sectional heading] The name 'Vulgate' comes from the latin [sic], versio vulgata, meaning 'the version commonly used.' Jerome actually used the term to refer to the Latin translations that came before his, because those were the translations everyone used at the time. The [Vulgate] name comes from the root word, vulgus, meaning 'common people.' This is the same root word vulgar comes from, which at the time essentially just meant 'used by the people.' While Latin was the main language used in the Western Roman empire, there was a difference between the way it was used in scholarly circles and the way it was spoken by the average citizen. Scholars typically wrote in 'Classical Latin' while people spoke in 'Vulgar Latin.' Part of Jerome's task was to produce a Latin Bible that reflected the way common people used the language, so that more people could understand Scripture. It wasn't until the thirteenth century—long after Jerome's work was in common usage—that a Franciscan friar named Roger Bacon [in England] referred to this translation as the Latin Vulgate. Vetus Latina, meaning 'Old Latin Bible' is how we refer to the collection of Latin manuscripts that were written before what we now call the Latin Vulgate. This can be confusing though, because Latin before classical Latin is also called Old Latin, Archaic Latin, or Early Latin, and the Vetus Latina weren't actually written in Old Latin")
In the Latin sentences Dixit mihi and Dixit ad me, the subject is omitted.
Latin-English dictionary:
* dīxit (v): "third-person singular perfect active indicative of dīcō: 'he/she/it has said/spoken' "
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dixit
^ This verb will be explained in the following posting.
* mihi (pronoun): "dative of ego"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mihi
^ About first-person pronoun. In Latin ego (nominative case), meī (genitive case), mihi (dative case), mē (accusative case) have counterparts in English:
I (subject), my (possessive), to me or for me, me (object). In other words, dative case in Latin is one word, which in English is two words (preposition followed by a noun or pronoun).
* ad (preposition): "toward, to"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ad
^ "Dixit AD Me" in the quotation capitalizes ad, perhaps to emphasize the preposition. There is a Gregorian chant in Catholic Church: "Dominus dixit ad me: Filius meus es tu, ego hodie genui te." English: "The Lord hath said to me: Thou art My Son, this day have I begotten Thee." (ad in lower case).
English dictionary:
* me (pronoun; etymology: "from Old English mē ('me,' originally dative, but later also accusative), from Proto-Germanic *miz [this and all followed mean me, unless specified otherwise as dative], from Proto-Indo-European *h₁me-. Cognate with Scots me, North Frisian me, Saterland Frisian mie, Dutch me, mij, Low German mi, [Modern] German mir ('me,' dative), Icelandic mér ('me', dative), Latin mē, Ancient Greek mé, emé, Sanskrit mā)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/me
* me (pronoun; etymology: "Old English mē, accusative and dative of I, of Germanic origin * * * from an Indo-European root shared by Latin me, Greek (e)me, and Sanskrit mā")
https://www.lexico.com/definition/me
• The Society of Archbishop Justus
http://justus.anglican.org/soaj.html
(a nonprofit "incorporated in the State of New York in 1997. * * * We named our Society after the fourth Archbishop of Canterbury, good Archbishop Justus, because he is not very well known, yet historical records show good work that could only have been accomplished by him. * * * IN 1994 A SMALL GROUP of Anglican computer scientists realised that it was important for the Anglican communion to have one domain name that unambiguously represented the church in communion with the See of Canterbury")
• Justus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus
(fourth Archbishop of Canterbury [at the time, it was Roman Catholic Church, not Amglican Church])
(C) New Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament
(section 8 Language: "Jesus primarily spoke Aramaic * * * all of the books that would eventually form the New Testament were written in the Koine Greek language")
Aramaic (n; mid 19th century from Greek Aramaios of Aram (the biblical name of Syria) + -ic)
https://www.lexico.com/definition/aramaic
(D) Koine Greek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek
(table: 336 BC – 300 AD)
(E) English dictionary.
* koine (n; borrowed from Ancient Greek koinḗ, feminine form of [adjective] koinós common, general)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koine
(ii) John 19:5 (Gospel of John, Chapter 19, Verse 5)
(A) John 19:5 in Latin Vulgate: "ut cognoscatis quia in eo nullam causam invenio et purpureum vestimentum et dicit eis ecce homo."
• Latin-English dictionary:
* ecce (interjection; from ec- + -ce): "see!, look!, behold!, points out something with emphasis"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecce
^ -cě : "[conjugation) "demonstrative enclitic appended to pronouns [as in ecce] and adverbs (like colloquial English here, there, with this or that)" (parentheses original; brackets added).
https://www.online-latin-diction ... nary.php?parola=-ce
^ Consult (e)(ii)(B) at the bottom. In "Ecce homo," there is no verb (behold or look). True to Latin, the English translation is an emphatic HERE (is the) man. An example is Here's Johnny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Johnny
("may refer to: "Here's Johnny", the catchphrase used by Ed McMahon for almost 30 years on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992)" )
More commonly it is stylized as Heeere. See
Heeere's Johnny - The Definitive DVD Collection from The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. (box set of 12 DVDs).
https://www.amazon.com/Heeeres-J ... rring/dp/B000UFIYQ2
* homō (noun masculine; Usage notes; declension table): "human being"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo
^ Also known as inflection, declension is noun to the verb decline, in grammar.
* ut (conjunction; followed by the indicative): "as, just as"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ut
* et (conjunction): "and"
* dicit (v): "third-person singular present active indicative of dīcō [I say; present infinitive dīcere (meaning: say; the origin of English verb dictate)]"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dicit
^ ^ In the Web, in John 19: 5 I find both spellings: dicit (English: he says; Latin grammar is present indicative) and dixit (English: he said; Latin grammar is perfect indicative). It must be dixit.
* eis (pronoun): "dative plural of is"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eis
^ is: "(third-person singular pronoun) he, it"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/is
^ plural of he is they (the crowd).
^ Read paragraph 1 in the opening statement of dative case.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case
That is why the KJV (see next)translated "dicit eis" as "saith unto them."
• -th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-th
("The English suffix -th may form: * * * the archaic 3rd person singular form, see Early Modern English")
• Early Modern English
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English
("is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period [1485-1603] to the English Interregnum ['between the execution of Charles I on Jan 30, 1649 and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on May 29, 1660': Wiki] and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century. * * * [section 4 Grammar, section 4.2 Verb, 4.2.1 Tense and number:] During the Early Modern period, the verb inflections became simplified as they evolved towards their modern forms: The third-person singular present lost its alternate inflections: -eth and -th became obsolete, and -s survived. (Both forms can be seen together in Shakespeare: 'With her, that hateth thee and hates us all.') ")
(B) John 19:5 different translations in English:
• King James Version (KJV): "Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man!"
• "New Living Translation[:] Then Jesus came out wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. And Pilate said, 'Look, here is the man!'
* * *
New American Standard Bible[:] Jesus then came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. And Pilate said to them, 'Behold, the Man!'
* * *
Amplified Bible[:] So Jesus came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe, and Pilate said to them, 'Look! The Man!'
* * *
Young's Literal Translation[:] Jesus, therefore, came forth without, bearing the thorny crown and the purple garment; and he saith to them, 'Lo, the man!' "
https://biblehub.com/john/19-5.htm
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发表于 4-15-2021 14:36:52
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