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City of Florence, Italy

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发表于 6-16-2021 13:25:33 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Laura Rysman, Shops Along Ponte Vecchio Longingly Wait for Tourists. New York Times, June 1, 2021, at page B4.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/ ... rchResultPosition=1
https://todaysglobalmedia.com/tr ... or-tourists-return/

Note:
(a) Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence
("capital [the most populated city] city of the Tuscany region * * * birthplace of the * * * Renaissance"/ table: Population (June 30, 2016) city proper 380,000; section 1 History, section 1.1 Roman origins: "was named originally Fluentia, owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers")
(i) The two rivers are Arno and its 18-mile tributary, Mugnone river. The two rivers join at Ponte Vecchio.
(ii) Arno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno
(map; table: Length  241 km (150 mi)); section 2 Etymology)
flows through Florence and Pisa. In the above Italian-language map, Florence is spelled Italian way: Firenze (accent on the second syllable); this explains its name in Taiwan 翡冷翠.
(iii) Latin-English dictionary:
(A) Latin verb fluere means "flow."
(B) Its present active participle is fluens flowing.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluens

In this wiktionary page, nominative neuter plural is fluentia. (Take notice of plural, indicating two rivers flowing.

The English adjective fluent is derived from Latin, whereas English verb flow has Old English (not Latin) origin.

(b) Ponte Vecchio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio
(i) Search images.google.com with Ponte Vecchio, and you will see the inside of the bridge, which looks like a street, with multi-floor buildings on both sides of the street/ bridge and the first floors have storefronts.
(ii) Italian-English dictionary:
* ponte (noun masculine; from Latin [noun masculine] pōns [bridge]): "bridge"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ponte
* vecchio (adjective masculine; from Vulgar Latin veclus, from Latin [adjective masculine] vetus [old]): "old"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vecchio

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 楼主| 发表于 6-16-2021 13:30:13 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 choi 于 6-16-2021 13:41 编辑

(c) "Built in 1345 at the narrowest crossing of the Arno River, Ponte Vecchio originally was a street market of butchers and fishmongers, but after the Medici's Vasari corridor was built so the family could traverse the bridge in comfort, a 1593 decree by Ferdinando I de' Medici replaced those foul-smelling operations with goldsmiths and jewelry dealers."
(i) Vasari corridor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasari_Corridor
("connects the Palazzo Vecchio with the Palazzo Pitti * * * At the time of construction, the corridor had to be built around the Torre dei Mannelli, using brackets * * * The full length of the corridor is approximately one kilometre")

Section 1 History and overview: "The Vasari Corridor was built in five months by order of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1565, to the design of Giorgio Vasari. * * * The idea of an enclosed passageway was motivated by the Grand Duke's desire to move freely between his residence and the government palace, when, like most monarchs of the period, he felt insecure in public, in his case especially because he had replaced the Republic of Florence [1115–1569]. The meat market of Ponte Vecchio was moved to avoid its smell reaching into the passage, its place being taken by the goldsmith shops that still occupy the bridge.

(A) First of all, search images.google.com with (Vasari corridor map) -- no quotation marks -- and you will appreciate the 2 dimensions of the corridor.
(B) Palazzo Pitti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti
("The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker.  The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. * * * The palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence")
(C) Torre dei Mannelli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_dei_Mannelli
(photo caption: "Corridoio Vasariano and the Torre dei Mannelli")
• The lower half of the photo shows a smooth buff-colored wall. That is Vasari corridor. But pay attention to what underneath the corridor: at least five sets of dark horizontal and diagonal beams; they are brackets (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)
("Brackets vary widely in shape, but a prototypical bracket is the L-shaped metal piece * * * ")
• Here is a more close-up view of the brackets.
Miky (Sydney, Australia), Any Given Days * * *.  May 12, 2011
https://mikyag.blogspot.com/2011 ... asari-corridor.html
(bottom photo)
(D) Italian-English dictionary:
* dei (contracation; derived from preposition di of + i the (definitive masculine plural article) ): "(archaic dii) of the"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dei
* cane (noun masculine; from Latin [noun masculine or feminine] canis [dog]): "dog"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cane
(E) Italian Grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_grammar

In section 1 Article, one can see article i: "i cani (plural of il cane)"  (cane is defined in (D) above. English: the dogs/ the dog. The English noun dog is from Old English dogga, docga.)
In section 8 Preposition, one can find di and dei -- but there is no de, as in de Medici.
(F) Why is the family name of the House of Medici written as 'de' Medici' not 'dei Medici'?  StackExchange, May 18, 2020
https://italian.stackexchange.co ... de-medici-not-dei-m
(G) Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany
(1519 – 1574; "was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death [and passed on]"/  table: Issue  Francesco I de' Medici, Ferdinando I de' Medici among others)

section 1 Life, section 1.1 Rise to power: "Cosimo came to power [became (the second) duke] in 1537 at age 17, just after the 26-year-old Duke of Florence, Alessandro de' Medici, was assassinated. Cosimo was from a different branch of the Medici family * * * It was necessary to search for a successor outside of the 'senior' branch of the Medici family * * * since the only male child of Alessandro, the last lineal descendant of the senior branch, was born out-of-wedlock and was only four years' old at the time of his father's death.

(ii) Ferdinando I de' Medici
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany
(1549 - 1609; table: Predecessor Francesco I de' Medici, Successor Cosimo II; Issue: [you can see Ferdinando I has two sons and three daughters, Cosimo being the older of the two sons])
(A) Cosimo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo  
(from an Ancient Greek word meaning universe)
(B) House of Medici
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici  
("Medici Bank. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, and it facilitated the Medici's rise to political power in Florence * * * [section 1 History:] The origin of the [sur]name is uncertain. Medici is the plural of [Italian noun masculine] medico, meaning 'medical doctor.' The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397")
(C) issue (n): "Law  formal  children of one's own  <He died without male issue>"
https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/issue
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 楼主| 发表于 6-16-2021 13:46:25 | 显示全部楼层
(d) Here is the summary about Palazzo Vecchio:
(i) Republic of Florence lasted from 1115 to 1569. Its governmental form was signoria. See Signoria of Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence
(1250-1532; "Its nine members, the Priori")
(A) Piazza della Signoria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria
("is an L-shaped square" around Palazzo Vecchio)
(B) Italian-English dictionary:
* signoria (noun feminine; [from Italian noun masculine signore lord, gentleman, in turn from Latin adjective masculine senior older): "lordship"  (Accent of signoria is on ri.)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signoria
* priore (noun masculine; plural  priori; from Latin [adjective masculine] prior [1. former 2. first]): "prior"  (One of the definitions of the ENGLISH noun prior, in Wiktionary.com, is "(historical) A chief magistrate in Italy.")
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/priore
(ii) Presently called Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo della Signoria (which is the building's original, first name) was built "between 1298 and 1314." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Arnolfo di Cambio was the architect, who had incorporated into this cubic fortress, of "Tuscan Gothic" architectural style, a ancient 94-meter-high crenelated battlement which was renamed (unclear by whom) from "La Vacca" or "The Cow" to Tower of Arnolfo (Italian: Torre di Arnolfo).
https://www.toomuchtuscany.com/the-arnolfo-tower-florence/
https://www.budowle.pl/building/palazzo-vecchio
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/28584297837

(C) Whence La Vacca?

Augustus JC Hare, FlorenceLondon: Smith, Elder & Co (1884) at page 50
https://books.google.com/books?i ... name%22&f=false
(The tower of the Vacca family was used by Arnolfo was the substructure of his own tower, which was 330 feet high. Its bell continued to bear the name of 'La Vacca,' and when it tolled, men said,'La Vacca migghia' -- 'the cow lows.' ")
• Arnolfo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolfo
("is the Italian form of the [Germanic] given name Arnulf")
• English dictionary:
* low (vi; from Old English): "MOO"
(n): "the deep sustained sound characteristic especially of a cow"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/low
(D) Palazzo is hollow in its center. See
Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Aerial circling view of the Palazzo Vecchio - is located in Piazza della Signoria (Signoria Square) which is the most important square in Florence and the Uffizi Gallery. (Videolager-ID: 1029368267).
https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/ ... rcling-view-palazzo
(E) Duke of the Florentine Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic
(or Duke of the Republic of Florence; "In 1532, Pope Clement VII, who was born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, appointed Alessandro de' Medici as duke over the Republic of Florence [hence, Signoria stopped], the Medici family having acted as de facto rulers over the city of Florence since 1434 * * * The ducal family moved into the Palazzo Pitti in 1560. Cosimo commissioned the architect Vasari to build the Uffizi as offices for the Medici bank. Finally, Cosimo was elevated to The Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1569 by Pope Pius V. This effectively ended the Duchy of Florence, which became subordinate to the more elevated grand ducal title [thus Republic of Florence or Florentine Republic ended]")
• Italian-English dictionary”
* uffizio (noun masculine; earlier form: ufficio, from Latin noun neuter officium duty, office; plural  uffizi): "(literary) office"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uffizio
• "The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno River to the Palazzo Pitti."  en.wikipedia.org for "Palazzo Vecchio."
(F) Presently Palazzo Vecchio is city hall of Florence, housing offices of mayor and city council.
(G) Tower of Arnolfo is on its facade (front) that faced (and faces) the square: Piazza (della) Signoria.
Palazzo Vecchio and Piazza Signoria.
www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/Palazzo_vecchio.html

View the top two photographs only. Click the top photograph to enlarge it, and you will see the entrance which is photograph 2.

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 楼主| 发表于 6-16-2021 13:48:19 | 显示全部楼层
(e) "Its cobblestone thoroughfare is lined with 48 pocket-size jewelry storefronts and a jumble of gravity-defying workspaces propped up beyond the bridge's girders."
(i) A girder is a large beam that is laid horizontally.
(ii) girder (n; gird + -er): "a horizontal main structural member (as in a building or bridge) that supports vertical loads and that consists of a single piece or of more than one piece bound together"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/girder

(f) "Nerdi, whose handcrafted jewels reflect classic Florentine artistry, is one of 20 workshops in the Casa dell'Orafo, a monastery just north of Ponte Vecchio that four centuries ago was converted to studios for engravers, stone setters and goldsmiths."

See (g)(i).

(g) "At Fratelli Piccini, a boutique dating from 1903, the fourth-generation owner, Elisa Piccini * * * "
(i) Italian-Engish dictionary:
* orafo (noun masculine; plural  orafi)" goldsmith"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orafo
   ^ oro (noun masculine; from Latin [noun neuter] aurum [gold]): "gold"
   https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oro#Italian
* dell' (contraction of di l')
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dell%27
   ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_grammar
      (section 1 Articles)
* fratello (noun masculine; from Latin noun masculine fāter [brother]; plural fratelli): "brother"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fratello
(ii) The Italian surname Piccini means "nickname for a small person, from [adjective masculine] piccino little."

Compare:
The Italian surname Puccini means children (note i at the end of the surname) of a person whose name is from a pet form of Puccio.
The Italian surname Puccio itself has no meaning, derived "from a pet form of any of various personal names with -p as the final consonant, as for example Filippo (whence (Filip)puccio) and Iacopo ((Iaco)puccio)."  Dictinary of American Family Names, by Oxford University Press. 2013.

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