Portrait of the Lavoisiers

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Cynthia Saltzman, Science in the Shadow of Revolution. Wall Street Journal, Apr 30, 2022, at page C14.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/ant ... emistry-11651266219
https://christmasonmarsmovie.com ... -french-revolution/

Note:
(a)
(i) Antoine Lavoisier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794; full name: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier; named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783))
(A) In this Wiki page, midway down on the right there is a sketch whose caption reads: "Antoine Lavoisier's phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme [abbreviation of Madame; equivalent to Mrs in English] Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ([English:] Elementary treatise on chemistry)."  This is how Lavoisier knew oxygen makes up a fifth of air. See Antoine Lavoisier and the demise of the phlogiston theory.
https://www.saburchill.com/HOS/chemistry/010.html
(B) Anthony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony
("Anthony or Antony is a masculine given name, derived from the Antonii, a gens (Roman family name) to which Mark Antony ([Latin:] Marcus Antonius) belonged. According to Plutarch, the Antonii gens were Heracleidae, being descendants of Anton, a son of Heracles [all you have to know is the Antonius clan in Rome claimed to be descendants of Anton]. * * * Equivalents include * * * Antoine in French * * * The usual abbreviated form is Tony (sometimes 'Tone,' 'Ant [as in Ant Anstead, an English personality and current boyfriend of Renée Zellweger],' 'Anth' or 'Anton' "/ section 1 Spelling and pronunciation)
• Antonii is nominative plural of Antonius. The "nominative" means nominative case of a noun (not a verb).
• In France, the female given name and counterpart of Antoine is Antoinette. See en.wikipedia.org for Antoine.
(ii) oxygen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
(section 1 History of study, section 1.4 Lavoisier's contribution and section 1.4.1 Etymology)

• Ancient Greek-English dictionary:
* ὀξύς (adjective masculinel romanization: oxús)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ὀξύς
(iii) French for oxygene, nitrogen and hydrogen are oxygène, azote and hydrogène, respectively (all nouns masculine).

• French-English dictionary:
* azote (from Ancient Greek ἀ- ([romanization] a- not) + ζωή (zōḗ life), coined by Antoine Lavoisier)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azote
(iv) hydrogen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
(section 2 History, section 2.1 Discovery and use)
(v) nitrogen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen

introduction: "It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name nitrogène was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Ancient Greek: ἀζωτικός 'no life,' as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is used in several languages, including French, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Portuguese and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.


(b) the portrait at issue:
Jacques Louis David, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) and Marie Anne Lavoisier (Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze, 1758–1836). 1788
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436106
(full text: "A landmark of European portraiture that asserts a modern, scientifically minded couple in fashionable but simple dress, this painting was nonetheless excluded from the Salon of 1789 for fears it would further ignite revolutionary zeal. Technical analysis ]see © below] has revealed that a first iteration excluded the scientific instruments and would have been a far more conventional portrait of a wealthy, fashionable couple of the tax-collector class. Lavoisier was a pioneering chemist credited with the discovery of oxygen and the chemical composition of water through experiments in which his wife actively collaborated. However, he was also involved in studies of gunpowder and a misunderstanding about his removal of this precious commodity from the Bastille in the summer of 1789 threw his alliances into question. This mishap and his status as a tax collector (the more prosaic means by which he funded his scientific research) led him to be guillotined in 1794")
(i) Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Anne_Paulze_Lavoisier  
(1758 – 1836; father, Jacques Paulze)
(ii) Salon (Paris)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)
(section 1 Origin 1667 at Salon Carré)
(A) File:Salon Carré D201805 2.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_Carré_D201805_2.jpg
("Description  English: The Salon Carré (=Square salon). Louvre museum (Paris, France)" )
(B) (Modern) French-English dictionary:
* carré (adjective masculine AND noun masculine also; from Middle French quarré, from Old French quarré, from Latin [participle masculine of verb quadrāre make square; noun masculine also] quadrātus [square])
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carr%C3%A9
(C) salon (n):
"1: an elegant apartment or living room (as in a fashionable home)
2: a fashionable assemblage of notables (such as literary figures, artists, or statesmen) held by custom at the home of a prominent person"
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salon
(D) salon etymology: "1690s, 'large room or apartment in a palace or great house,' from French [noun masculine] salon 'reception room' (17c.), from Italian [noun masculime] salone 'large hall,' from [noun feminine] sala 'hall' "
https://www.etymonline.com/word/salon
(iii) "his removal of this precious commodity from the Bastille in the summer of 1789"

I do not know what this quotation means exactly. I found online resources that Lavoisier moved gunpowder from arsenal into Bastille before July 14, 1789 at the order of the government.  
(A) storming of the Bastille
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille
(section 4 Storming the Bastille (14 July 1789): "The partisans of the Third Estate in France, now under the control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris (soon to become Revolutionary France's National Guard), had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides without meeting significant opposition.[24] Their intention had been to gather the weapons held there (29,000 to 32,000 muskets, but without powder or shot). The commandant at the Invalides had in the previous few days taken the precaution of transferring 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille for safer storage.  At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty, housing only seven prisoners")
(B) Emma Ocjermanm What Actually Happened on the Original Bastille Day, July 13, 2016
https://time.com/4402553/bastille-day-history-july-14/
("in July of 1789 * * * Sensing distress, the king called upon the Estates-General—an assembly that hadn’t met in more than a century—to deliver a new tax plan. That resulted in the Third Estate, the non-noble/non-clergy portion of the assembly, breaking from the clergy and nobility, and demanding a written constitution from France. Their proclamation would form the National Assembly in late June. * * * That fear culminated on July 14 in a march to the Hôtel des Invalides to loot firearms and cannons, and a resulting (and far more famous) trip to the Bastille for proper ammunition. That hunt for gunpowder—not the hope of freeing prisoners—was the main reason for the storming of the Bastille.  The events that followed—the freeing of the few prisoners that remained at the Bastille, but also a deadly battle and the brutal beheading of the prison governor and his officers—were more of a side effect of chaotic uprising, rather than its intent" (emphasis original).
(C) French Revolutionaries Storm the Bastille. A&E Television Network, Nov 24, 2009 (last updated July 13, 2020; under the heading "This Date in History")
https://www.history.com/this-day ... ries-storm-bastille
("By the summer of 1789, France was moving quickly toward revolution. Bernard-René Jordan de Launay, the military governor of the Bastille, feared that his fortress would be a target for the revolutionaries and so requested reinforcements. On July 12, royal authorities transferred 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille, and Launay brought his men into the massive fortress and raised its two drawbridges.  At dawn on July 14, a great crowd armed with muskets, swords, and various makeshift weapons began to gather around the Bastille. Launay's men were able to hold the mob back, but as more and more Parisians were converging on the Bastille, Launay raised a white flag of surrender over the fortress. Launay and his men were taken into custody, the Bastille's gunpowder and cannons were seized, and the seven prisoners were freed. Upon arriving at the Hotel de Ville, where Launay was to be arrested and tried by a revolutionary council, he was instead pulled away by a mob and murdered [beheaded]")


(c) Silvia A Centeno, Dorothy Mahon and David Pullins, Refashioning the Lavoisiers. The Met, Sept 1, 2021
https://www.metmuseum.org/perspe ... oisier-conservation
(i) Read the caption that started with the following sentence: "Left: Jacques-Louis David (French, Paris 1748–1825 Brussels)."
(A) vermilion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion
(mercury sulfide HgS; section 1 Etymology and orthography: cinnabar 朱砂 (poisonous) )

The insects in the above section kermes should not be confused with insects cochineal of the Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochineal

In both kermes and cochineal, only females, not males produce red pigments.
(B) There is no need to read the article in the journal Heritage Science, which is quite long.
(ii) Read the second half of this page, starting with the following sentence: "Much of the technology at the heart of this project did not exist when this painting first arrived at the Museum" in 1953 (see the preceding caaption).

"In conversation with The Costume Institute's Jessica Regan, David reviewed a range of periodicals from the period and found that the distinctive red-and-black hat would have been known as a chapeau à la Tarare, named after operas by Pierre Beaumarchais, that emerged in the late summer and fall of 1787."
(A) Costume Institute is within the Met.
https://www.metmuseum.org/about- ... e-costume-institute
(B) Tarare (opera)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarare_(opera)
(C) French-English dictionary:
* chapeau (noun masculine): "hat"
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chapeau


(d) Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Vigée_Le_Brun   
(1755-1842; "Vigée Le Brun created a name for herself in Ancien Régime society by serving as the portrait painter to Marie Antoinette"/ father was Louis Vigée, a portraoitist' In 1776 (age 20) "she married Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Le Brun, a painter")

In this Wiki page, pay attention to portraits with captions
() "Marie Antoinette and her children, 1787" (in the collection of Palace of Versailles (French: Château de Versailles)
() "Marie Antoinette with a Rose, 1783" (ditto)
() "Self-portrait, painting Marie Antoinette, 1790"
() "Princess Ana Gruzinsky Galitzine, 1797" (in the collection of Baltimore Museum of Art via bequest of Mary Frick Jacobs)  (Gruzinsky and Frick are their respective maiden names; Galitzine and Jacobs, their respective husbands' surnames.)

plus
Archduchess Marie-Antoinette (1755−1793), Queen of France. (in the collection of) Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, undated
https://www.khm.at/en/objectdb/detail/2423/
(1778; Artist: Marie Louise Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun; caption: " * * * The painting was destined for the young queen's mother in Vienna * * * ")
Except the self-portrait, all other three portraits showed feathery headgear.
Marie Antoinette
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette
(1755 – 1793;  was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and [Holy Roman] Emperor Francis I. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen. * * * Upon her arrival in France [in 1770], she adopted the French version of her name: Marie Antoinette [from the borth name in German 'Maria Antonia' ")