Concise History of the Netherlands

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(1) Spanish Netherlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands
("1556 - 1714; "They were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire * * * Between 1555 and 1556, the House of Habsburg split into an Austro-German and a Spanish branch as a consequence of Charles's abdications: the Netherlands were left to his son Philip II of Spain [as King of Spain, not emperor], while his [younger] brother Archduke Ferdinand I [of Austria] succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor" as Emperor Ferdinand I; in contrast the older brother and predecessor Archduke Charles I of Austria became Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire)
(a) Carolingian Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire
(800-888; "In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne s [Latin  Carolus Magnus; accent on the third syllable, The English adjective Carolingian came from the first five letters of Carolus] was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to transfer the Roman Empire from the Byzantine Empire to western Europe. The Carolingian Empire is considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. * * * Its heartland was Francia, the land between the Loire and the Rhine, where the realm's primary royal residence [capital], Aachen, was located")
(b) Holy Roman Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire
(800/962–1806; "The title [emperor] was revived again in 962 when Otto I, King of Germany, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne")

One can see from maps of the two empires that Low Countries were part of either at the earliest stage. There is no surprise; see next.

(2) Where Franks a Germanic people originated.
(a) Franks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks
("were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire")

Ems (river)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)
is to the east of Rhine. See the map in
María García Marín, The Rivers of Germany. Exchange of Experiences Between Donzdorf and Calasparra, undated.
https://intercambiodonzdorfcalas ... -rivers-of-germany/

Ems River flows north for 362.4 kilometres (225.2 mi) from Teutoburg Forest, which is (in Germany)  east of and close to the Rhine. In modern times, a canal connects both rivers (from near the head of Ems River).
(b) Franks moved and moved.

Netherlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands

section 2 History:
• section 2.3 Early Middle Ages (411–1000) has two consecutive paragraphs:

"After the Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories into numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south (modern territory of France and Walloon part of Belgium) eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (ie the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.

"To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons, the closely related Angles, Jutes and Frisii settled the coastal land.[59] Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons, but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian, named after the land that was once inhabited by Frisii. Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast, and it is still the language most closely related to English among the living languages of continental Europe. * * *

• section 2.5 Burgundian, Habsburg and Spanish Habsburg Netherlands (1384–1581): "Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1433.

(i) Clovis I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I
(c 466 – 511; "as the first king of the Franks [Charlemagne would be one] to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs")
(ii) Frisia is NOW Friesland (whose s can be pronounced s or z in English), a province of the Netherlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands
(section 4 Government and politics, section 4.4 Administrative divisions)

(3) How the Netherlands came under the Spanish rule, though remaining within Holy Roman Empire.
(a) Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
(1500 – 1558; "As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. * * * Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the House of Habsburg between a Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. * * * [to] retire to a monastery")
(b) About a decade under the rule by Spain, the Netherlands rebelled. A war and eight years later, Spain recognized, in a treaty, independence of the Netherlands.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands
(Emperor Charles V's son "Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568")
(c) Eighty Years' War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War
(1566 – 1648 (81 years and 6 months); table  
• Result  Peace of Münster [signed in 1648; Münster is in present-day Germany]
   † Spain recognizes the independence of the Dutch Republic
   † Spain retains the Southern Netherlands
• Belligerents: Dutch Republic, England, France on one side and Spain, Portugal and Holy Roman Empire on the other)
(d) Now that Spain recognized Dutch Republic in 1648, how come the Wiki page for Spanish Netherlands last from 1556 to 1714?

This is because at the time, the term the Netherlands included the present-day Belgium (which, mostly Catholic, remained loyal to Spain and did not revolt), which Spain got to keep after Eighty Years' War. Spain renounced Belgium (then officially Southern Netherlands) to Austria, after War of the Spanish Succession
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession
(1701 – 1715)
which resulted in three (3) treaties, the middle of which (Treaty of Rastatt --signed in 1714) accomplished this.